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Poultry Breeding Exam 2
Info for Poultry Breeding Exam 2
124
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
01/05/2018

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Term
P(A)
Definition
Probability of A
Term
Probability values are between...
Definition
ZERO and ONE (0—1)
Term
Probabilities or expected frequencies of an event sum up to...
Definition
ONE

P(1) + P(2)+P(3)+...+P(n) = 1
Term
independent events
Definition
the occurrence of one event has no influence on the occurrence of the other event
Term
when to use multiplication rule
Definition
when the probability uses the word and P(A and B) = P(A) x P(B)
Term
The probability of independent events occurring together
Definition
the product of their separate probabilities.

P(4 and Tail) = P(4) x P(Tail) = 1/6 x 1/2 = 1/12.
Term
mutually exclusive
Definition
Non-overlapping, which means the two events cannot both occur at the same time
Term
when to use the addition rule
Definition
when the probability uses the word or P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
Term
The probability that either event A or event B will occur
Definition
the sum of their separate probabilities.

P(Even) = P(2) or P(4) or P(6)
P (Even) = P(2) + P(4) + P(6)
= 1/6 + 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/2
Term
The probability that either event A or event B will occur when mutually exclusive
Definition
P(A or B)=P(A) + P(B)
Term
non-mutually exclusive
Definition
when 2 events have one or more outcomes in common
Term
probability of event A and event B occurring when they're non-mutually exclusive
Definition
P(A or B)=P(A) + P(B)-P(A and B)
Term
conditional probability
Definition
our estimate of the probability on an event B will be modified
based on partial information that we have or because we know a particular event A has taken place
Term
P(B | A)
Definition
the probability of B given A, where the '|' means 'given'
Term
the probability of B given A
Definition
P(B | A)

the '|' means 'given'
Term
P(B | A) if A and B are independent
Definition
P(B | A) = P(B)
Term
P(B | A) if A and B are mutually exclusive
Definition
P(B | A) = 0
Term
probability of both A and B occurring when A and B are dependent
Definition
P(A and B) = P(A) P(B|A)
Term
Baye's theorem for conditional probabilities
Definition
P(B | A ) = P(A and B)/P(A)

P(Second|First)=P(First and Second)/P(First)
Term
modified Baye's theorem for conditional probabilities (one that makes sense to me)
Definition
P(B | A ) = P(B)/P(A)
Term
The probability of obtaining exactly n successes in N trials is given by...
Definition
the limit of binomial distribution
Term
the binomial expression when n = 2
Definition
(p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 p and q represent mutually exclusive events
Term
the binomial expression when n > 2, in this case, n = 5
Definition
(p + q)5 = p5 + 5p4q1 + 10p3q2 + 10p2q3 + 5p1q4 + q5
Term
what does each letter in this equation represent?
[image]
DRAW THIS!
Definition
p = probability of dominant
q = probability of recessive
N = number of times
k = number of dominants being tested for
N-k = expected number of recessives
Term
the number of chromosomes in birds
Definition
78
Term
the sex chromosomes in birds
Definition
Z and W
Term
homogametic
Definition
ZZ (male)
Term
heterogametic
Definition
ZW (female)
Term
which chromosome is bigger? Z or W?
Definition
Z
Term
sex-linked traits
Definition
traits linked to the Z chromosome
Term
why all sex-linked genes are dominant
Definition
because there are no alleles of the same gene on the W chromosome to offer dominance
Term
hemizygous
Definition
Having one pair of a gene, e.g. a gene on the Z chromosome
Term
sex-limited inheritance
Definition
type of inheritance in which phenotypic expression is limited to one sex, e.g., egg production and milk yield
Term
sex-influenced inheritance
Definition
type of inheritance where mode of gene expression differs between males and females
Term
sex linkage or sex-linked inheritance
Definition
pattern of inheritance for genes located on sex chromosomes
Term
examples of sex-limited inheritance
Definition
-egg production
-milk yield
Term
example of how day-old chicks can be sexed with minimum labor cost
Definition
-Barring is dominant over non-barring (solid black).
-late feathering dominant over early feathering
Term
genetic mapping
Definition
the determination of relative positions of genes along the chromosome
Term
linked genes
Definition
Genes that are located on the same chromosome and do not undergo independent assortment but are instead transmitted together

they have less than 50% recombination frequency
Term
coupling or cis heterozygote
Definition
AB/ab
Term
AB/ab
Definition
coupling or cis heterozygote
Term
repulsive or trans heterozygote
Definition
Ab/aB
Term
Ab/aB
Definition
repulsive or trans heterozygote
Term
recombination
Definition
crossing over; this happens during meiosis
Term
Recombination fraction (r)
Definition
the fraction of chromosomes that are recombinants, in an experiment to measure recombination rate
Term
parental gametes
Definition
same genotype as parent
Term
recombinant gametes
Definition
have genotype that results from recombination
Term
maximum frequency of recombinants for genes on the same chromosome
Definition
50%
Term
maximum frequency of recombinants for genes on separate chromosomes
Definition
50%
Term
some characteristics of linked genes
Definition
-located on same chromosome
-transmitted together
-less than 50% recombination frequency
Term
when 2 genes on the same chromosome have recombination frequency < 50%,...
Definition
they are linked
Term
when 2 genes on the same chromosome have recombination frequency ≥ 50%,...
Definition
the assort independently
Term
chi-square test that says genes assort independently
Definition
accept null hypothesis
Term
chi-square test that says genes do not assort independently
Definition
reject null hypothesis
Term
degrees of freedom when you're doing a chi-square for 1 locus
Definition
df = 1
Term
Linkage between two genes is a measure of...
Definition
the probability that the two genes are being
transmitted together to the offspring
Term
genetic map
Definition
illustrates the linear order of genes along the chromosome with distances between adjacent genes proportional to the recombination frequency between them
Term
The unit of distance on a genetic map
Definition
map unit (mu)
Term
map unit (mu)
Definition
The unit of distance on a genetic map
Term
One map unit represents...
Definition
1% recombination or crossing over event
Term
how to calculate recombination frequency
Definition
Recombination frequency = (total number of recombinants)/(total number of individuals)
Term
map unit is also called...
Definition
centimorgan (cM)
Term
centimorgan (cM)
Definition
map unit
Term
how double recombinants are counted to estimate distance between A and C
Definition
To estimate the distance between A and C, double recombinants are counted twice
Term
how to calculate expected number of double crossover
Definition
expected double crossing over = P(co A-B) x P(co B-C)

then you multiply by population size to get the expected number
Term
when the observed number of double crossover is lower than the expected, this indicates...
Definition
chromosome interference
Term
chromosome interference
Definition
crossing over in one region reducing the probability of crossing over in the adjacent region
Term
coefficient of coincidence
Definition
the ratio of the observed number of double crossovers to the expected number of double crossovers
Term
how to calculate coefficient of coincidence
Definition
coefficient of coincidence = (observed double crossovers)/(expected double crossovers)

express it as a percent
Term
how to calculate interference
Definition
Interference = 1 – Coefficient of coincidence

express it as a percent
Term
two initial goals that a primary breeder needs to accomplish before improving trait(s)
Definition
(1) Establish a population with no inbreeding.
(2) Establish a population with maximum heterozygosity.
Term
inbreeding
Definition
mating of individuals that are related to each other by ancestry or through a common ancestor
Term
common ancestor
Definition
an ancestor common to the parents of an inbred individual
Term
when an individual is not inbred
Definition
when its parents do not have a common ancestor
Term
inbreeding coefficient (F)
Definition
The probability that two alleles at any locus in an individual are identical by descent.
Term
The inbreeding coefficient, F, compares...
Definition
the population in question with some specified or implied BASE Population.
Term
inbreeding coefficient (F) of the base population
Definition
F = 0, i.e. (F0 =0)
Term
F0
Definition
inbreeding coefficient at generation 0 (t=0), and is equal to ZERO
Term
Ft estimates...
Definition
the inbreeding in a population at generation t
Term
Ft estimates the inbreeding in a population at generation t, by...
Definition
comparing the degree of relationship between individuals at generation t, and the base population
Term
the chance of a gamete uniting with another of the same type
Definition
(1/2N)th
Term
Probability that 2 alleles drawn at random are the same
Definition
1/2N
Term
Probability that 2 alleles drawn at random are different
Definition
1 - 1/2N
Term
Inbreeding at any generation is made up two parts, which are...
Definition
1. An increment of 1/2N attributed to new inbreeding
2. Remainder, attributed to previous inbreeding
Term
general equation for inbreeding
Definition
Ft = 1 - (1 - (1 / 2N))t
Term
Generation of Inbreeding
Definition
1. An increment of 1/2N attributed to new inbreeding
2. Remainder, attributed to previous inbreeding
Term
increment attributed to new inbreeding
Definition
1/2N

the remainder is attributed to previous inbreeding
Term
ΔF
Definition
I think this is increment or rate of inbreeding
Term
how to calculate rate of inbreeding (ΔF)
Definition
ΔF = (1/2N) Ft = ΔF + (1 - ΔF)Ft-1 ΔF = (Ft - Ft-1) / (1 - Ft-1)
Term
main effect of inbreeding
Definition
decreases heterozygousity
Term
Steps to determine inbreeding of an individual when doing a pedigree
Definition
1. Identify the parents of individual I.
2. Identify the common ancestor of the parents of I.
3. Determine the number of generation between the common ancestor and the first parent (n)
4. Determine the number of generation between the common ancestor and the second parent (n’)
Term
how to determine the inbreeding coefficient of individual, I
Definition
1. The parents of I are B and C
2. The common ancestor of B and C is A
3. The number of generation between A and B, i.e. n=1
4. The number of generation between A and C, i.e. n’=1
Term
how to calculate The additive genetic relationship (a) between two collateral relatives
Definition
a = (1/2)n+n’ (1 + F) F = inbreeding coefficient of the common ancestor of the two collateral relatives
Term
value of F when the inbreeding coefficient of the common ancestor is unknown
Definition
F is set to 0
Term
the additive relationship between B and C in a pedigree
Definition
aBC = (1/2)n+n’ (1 + FA)
Term
Inbreeding coefficient of an individual is...
Definition
half of the additive relationship between its parents
Term
inbreeding coefficient of I
Definition
FI = (1/2) aBC
Term
depiction of the tabular method
Definition
[image]
Term
2 key concepts in the tabular method
Definition
1. The additive relationship between an individual and itself
2. The additive relationship between an individual and another individual.
Term
Additive relationship between an individual i and itself
Definition
aii = 1 + (1/2) asidi = 1 + Fi
Term
Additive relationship between an individual i and individual j
Definition
aij = (1/2) (aisj + aidj ) = aji
Term
aisj
Definition
the relationship between j and the sire of i
Term
aidj
Definition
the relationship between j and the dam of i
Term
value of aisj and aidj when the parents are absent
Definition
set to zero

unidentified parents are assumed to be unrelated
Term
rules for doing a table relating to a pedigree
Definition
1. Write down animals from oldest to youngest in the first row
2. Write down animals from oldest to youngest in the first column
3. Write down the parents of animal in the first row on top of them.
Term
depiction of a table based on a pedigree
Definition
[image]
Term
Heterozygosity
Definition
A measure of the level or frequency of heterozygous genotypes in the population
Term
relationship between allele and genotype frequency
Definition
[image]
Term
when the frequency of heterozygotes is maximum
Definition
when p=q=0.5
Term
relationship between heterozygosity, inbreeding, and allele frequency
Definition
[image]
Term
Centimorgan
Definition
The unit of distance on a genetic map equivalent to 1% of recombination; also called a map unit.
Term
Coincidence
Definition
The ratio of observed double crossover to the expected double crossovers.
Term
Coupling heterozygote
Definition
The arrangement of linked genes in the double heterozygote in which both the dominant or recessive alleles are located on one chromatid.
Term
Crossover
Definition
An exchange of non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes that results in the recombination of linked genes.
Term
Hemizygous gene
Definition
A gene that is represented only on one sex chromosome and has no alternative allele on the other sex chromosome.
Term
Heterozygosity
Definition
A measure of the level or frequency of heterozygous genotypes in the population.
Term
Inbreeding
Definition
Mating of individuals related by ancestry.
Term
Interference
Definition
The ability of crossover in one region to inhibit crossover in the adjacent region.
Term
Linkage
Definition
The probability that two genes located on the same chromosome are transmitted together.
Term
Parental combination
Definition
Alleles present in an offspring chromosome that are the same as that found in one of the parents.
Term
Recombinant
Definition
A chromosome that results from crossing over, and carries allele combination that differ from that found in both parents.
Term
Recombination frequency
Definition
The ratio of recombinants to the total number of gametic chromosomes.
Term
Repulsive heterozygote
Definition
The arrangement of linked genes in the double heterozygote in which one dominant and one recessive allele are located on one chromatid.
Term
Sex-linked traits
Definition
Traits determined by genes on the sex chromosome.
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