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| A generally accepted p for acceptance or rejection of a hypothesis |
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| All the crosses Mendel did were with... |
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| The relative frequency of alleles in a population |
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| selecting the best animals |
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| A test used to evaluate how closely observed results fit expectations. |
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| Chicken has ______ pairs of chromosomes |
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Definition
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| Complementation or complementary gene action |
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Definition
| This is a type of interaction in which two dominant alleles of different genes must be present (co-operate) to produce a specific phenotype. That is, there are two different genes with similar effects on a phenotype. |
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| Mitochondria have their own DNA, and mitochondria DNA is maternally inherited. Therefore some traits may be under the control of genes in the cytoplasm (mitochondria). |
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| Differences of fertility and viability |
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Definition
| Differences in fertility in the parental generation will lead to unequal contribution of progeny towards the next generation; which could affect the allele frequency in the progeny generation. At the same time, differences in viability in the progeny generation can also alter allele frequency. |
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| Dihybrid cross deals with... |
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Definition
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Definition
| the interaction among alleles at a locus |
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| A dominant epistasis will express a phenotype in a heterozygote or homozygote and masks the phenotype produced by alleles of another gene. |
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Definition
| the interaction between alleles at two or more loci |
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| Equal Fertility and Viability |
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Definition
| Differences in fertility/viability mean unequal gametic frequencies, leading to changes in allele frequencies. |
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Definition
| on a specific location on a specific chromosome |
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Term
| F1 (first filial) generation |
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Definition
| the offspring of the cross of the parent (P) generation |
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| F2 (second filial) generation |
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Definition
| offspring of the F1 (first filial) generation |
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Definition
| The basic unit of inheritance consisting of DNA segment at a specific location on a chromosome |
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Definition
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| When an offspring inherit both alleles of gene from one parent and none from the other parent. |
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Definition
| the genetic composition of an individual |
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Definition
| The relative frequency of a particular genotype in a population |
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Definition
| Genotypic frequency of the heterozygous genotype |
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| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| In a large random mating population in the absence of selection, mutation, drift or migration, the allele frequency remains constant from generation to generation |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg e'librium works in absence of... |
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Definition
1: selection
2: mutation
3: drift
4: migration
in absence of these, allele frequency remains constant |
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Definition
| The sex or gender that makes two different chromosomal types of gamete; e.g. female birds (Z and W) |
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| contains 1 dominant and 1 recessive |
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Definition
| The sex or gender that makes only one chromosomal type of gamete; e.g. male birds (Z). |
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Definition
| contains 2 dominant or 2 recessive |
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| If a population differs by 2 traits, it’s a ______ population |
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Definition
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| If a population differs by only 1 trait, it’s a ______ population |
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Definition
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| Is there a perfect animal for all environments? |
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Definition
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Definition
| If two different genes are located relatively close to each other on the same chromosome they cannot segregate independently |
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| The specific location of a gene on a chromosome |
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| Mendel crossed ______ and ______ peas |
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Definition
law of segregation
law of independent assortment |
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| Mendel's law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| Segregation of genes at one locus does not influence the segregation of genes at another locus |
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Term
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Definition
| the law of independent assortment |
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| Mendel’s law of segregation |
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Definition
| Members of each pair of alleles separate from each other when an individual forms germ cells or gametes |
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Definition
| The allele frequency of a population may change as a result of movement of individuals into or out of a population. |
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Definition
| An offspring resulting from a cross between genotypes that are homozygous for the alternative alleles of a gene. |
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Definition
| A cross between genotypes (pure-lines) that is homozygous for alternative alleles of the same gene |
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Definition
| A process that alters DNA sequence creates new alleles or causes a population to lose alleles. Creation or loss of alleles causes changes in allele frequency. |
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| No matter how many genotypes you have, you gotta look at it like this |
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Definition
| from the one locus point of view |
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Definition
| Genotypic frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype |
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Definition
| physical characteristics of a trait |
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Definition
| A gene can affect more than one trait. |
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Definition
| Traits are determined by more than one gene, e.g. egg size, body weight. |
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Definition
| Genotypic frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype |
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Definition
| When all individuals have an equal chance of mating |
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Term
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Definition
| The alleles transmitted from one generation to the next are a sample of alleles in the parent generation. Allele frequencies can change due purely to chance. The smaller the number of parents selected to breed offspring for the next generation, the greater the propensity of allele frequency change due to chance. |
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Definition
| A recessive epistatic allele masks the phenotypic effects of the alleles of the gene when the recessive epistatic allele is homozygous. |
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Definition
| The process that determines which individuals become parents, and how many offspring they produce affect allele frequency. Selection causes changes in allele frequency. |
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Term
| Statistical significance (p). |
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Definition
| the probability, p of obtaining the observed results if the null hypothesis is true |
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Definition
| crossing an unknown with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the genotype of the unknown |
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Term
| The Null Hypothesis for a contingency table |
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Definition
| to test whether the frequencies of observations in the rows are independent of the frequencies of the observations in the columns. |
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Term
| The frequency of an allele in a population can be changed as a result of... |
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Definition
(1) mutation
(2) selection
(3) migration
(4) random sampling effects which is sometimes referred to as random genetic drift |
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Term
| The genotypic frequency of the progeny depends ONLY on the ______ of the parent and NOT on the ______ of the parent. |
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Definition
Allele frequency
genotypic frequency |
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Term
| The goal of population genetics |
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Definition
| to understand the genetic composition of a population and the forces that determine and change that composition. |
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Term
| The number of chromosomes for each species is... |
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Definition
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Definition
| Whatever we can consistently observe or measure in a living organism |
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Definition
| Any consistently observed or measured characteristics of an individual |
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Definition
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Definition
| different or alternative form of a gene |
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Term
| alternative hypothesis (HA) |
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Definition
| hypothesis that states that there is a difference between observed and expected |
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Definition
| the mating of a hybrid to a purebred of either the male or female parent breed |
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Definition
| used to determine whether or not a population is in balance |
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Definition
| which are very long strands of DNA in the nucleus of every cell of an organism |
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Definition
heterozygote has both alleles equally expressed
red X white yields red and white spotted
ABO blood type is an example |
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Term
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Definition
| one dominant allele at both loci is needed for something to be expressed |
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Definition
| dominant allele masks the recessive allele |
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Definition
| basically a table that shows relationship between two events |
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Definition
| cross of pure line plants that differ at two loci |
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Definition
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| does size of organism have anything to do with number of chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Definition
| interaction of alleles within a locus |
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Definition
| the dominant allele at one locus silences the effect of the alleles at another locus |
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Definition
| the interaction among alleles at two or more loci |
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Term
| equation for allele frequencies |
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Definition
p + q = 1
p = Frequency of the dominant allele
q = Frequency of the recessive allele
Allele frequencies at a locus always add up to ONE |
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Term
| equation for genotypic frequencies |
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Definition
P + H + Q = 1
P = Genotypic frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype
H = Genotypic frequency of the heterozygous genotype
Q = Genotypic frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype
Genotype frequencies at a locus add up to ONE |
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Term
| example of a contingency table |
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Definition
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| example of epistasis in chickens |
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Definition
| interaction of the rose and pea loci to determine comb type |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the basis of heredity and variation |
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Definition
| the genetic makeup of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| simply means that offspring develop some of the same characteristics like their parents |
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Term
| how comb type is determined in chickens |
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Definition
| interactions of the rose and pea loci |
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Term
| how mutation changes allele frequncy |
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Definition
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Term
| how to calculate allele frequency |
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Definition
p = f(B) = ((BB + ½Bb)/N) = P + ½H
q = f(b) = ((bb + ½Bb)/N) = Q + ½H |
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Term
| how to calculate d.f. in a contingency table |
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Definition
| (# of R's - 1) * (# of C's - 1) = d.f. |
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Term
| how to calculate expected numbers in a contingency table |
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Definition
here's an example:
(# of males / total population) * (# of specific variable) = expected number for that variable
(# of females / total population) * (# of specific variable) = expected number for that variable |
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Term
| how to calculate genotype frequency |
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Definition
f(BB) = 30/100 = 0.30 =P
f(Bb) = 60/100 = 0.60 =H
f(bb) = 10/100 = 0.10 =Q |
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Term
| how to calculate the test statistic (X2) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mix of 2 phenotypes yields offspring with intermediate phenotype, such as red X white yields pink |
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Definition
| deviation from the expected Mendelian ratio |
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Definition
| A cross between genotypes (pure-lines) that is homozygous for alternative alleles of the same gene |
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Definition
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Definition
states that the observed results will be the same as the expected results
needs to be tested |
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| number of chromosomes in a chicken |
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Definition
| 78 (38 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosome) |
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Term
| other than phenotypic ratios, produce these |
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Definition
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Definition
heterozygote has a phenotype more pronounced than either of the homozygote
red X white yields deep red |
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Definition
| Frequency of the dominant allele |
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Definition
| the observable or measurable form of a trait |
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| phenotypic ratio of monohybrid cross between 2 heterozygotes |
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Definition
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Definition
| A group of breeding individuals |
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Definition
| population that's not in e'librium |
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Term
| procedure for doing a chi-square test |
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Definition
| 1: State a null hypothesis (H0).
2: Calculate your test statistic (X2).
3: Degrees of freedom (df).
4: Statistical significance (p). |
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Definition
| Frequency of the recessive allele |
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Term
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Definition
| when 2 copies of the recessive allele at one locus silences the effect of the alleles at another locus |
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Term
| some assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg law |
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Definition
-random mating
-equal fertility and viability |
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Term
| some comb types in chickens |
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Definition
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Term
| some degrees of dominance |
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Definition
1: complete
2: incomplete
3: codominance or no dominance
4: overdominance
5: underdominance |
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Term
| some factors that can cause changes in allele and genotypic frequencies |
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Definition
-selection
-migration
-random drift
-mutation
-differences of fertility and viability |
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Term
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Definition
| when you cross a homozygous recessive with an unknown |
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Term
| the hypothesis you use when doing a chi-square test |
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Definition
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Term
| the law of independent assortment |
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Definition
| basically says that Segregation of genes at one locus does not influence the segregation of genes at another locus |
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Term
| the phenotypic ratio we seem to obtain in dihybrid crosses |
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Definition
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Term
| the phenotypic ratio we seem to obtain in monohybrid crosses |
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Definition
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Term
| the sex chromosomes in chickens |
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Definition
| ZZ and ZW, male and female respectively |
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Term
| the sex chromosomes in humans |
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Definition
| XY and XX, male and female respectively |
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Term
| the similarity of our genes |
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Definition
| We all have pretty much the same genes |
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Term
| the trait shown in the F1 (first filial) generation |
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Definition
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Term
| the traits shown in the F2 (second filial) generation |
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Definition
| 3/4 dominant and 1/4 recessive |
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Term
| the way the sex chromosomes are in birds |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to the genes in meiosis? |
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Definition
| half of the genome from each parent gets transmitted to each gamete |
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Term
| what happens when there's a dominant and a recessive allele present? |
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Definition
| the dominant gets expressed |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| when selecting the best animal, what you're really doing is... |
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Definition
| selecting the best alleles and genes |
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Term
| when the recessive allele gets expressed |
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Definition
| only when there’s 2 recessive’s present |
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Term
| when the thing with phenotypic ratios is true |
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Definition
| only when you have complete dominance at each locus |
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Term
| when to accept the null hypothesis |
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Definition
| when X2 is within the range on the table for the degree of freedom |
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Term
| when to reject null hypothesis |
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Definition
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Term
| when to reject the null hypothesis |
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Definition
| when X2 is not within the range on the table for the degree of freedom |
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Term
| why could have Mendel been lucky? |
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Definition
| because all the traits he observed each occur on different chromosomes |
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