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Poultry Breeding Chapter 11
Poultry Breeding Chapter 11
51
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
03/10/2018

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Term
Mendelian Traits
Definition
Traits or Characters that are affected by one or few genes, and follow a discontinuous variation.
Term
Mendelian traits aka...
Definition
-discontinuous traits
-quantitative traits
Term
distribution of genotypes is affected by...
Definition
the number of genes involved
Term
what happens as the number of genes affecting a trait increases?
Definition
the transition between each genotypic class becomes less distinct, such that it resembles a bell curve, known as normal distriibution
Term
Quantitative Traits
Definition
Traits that are affected by many genes, and exhibit continuous variation
Term
some examples of quantitative traits
Definition
-growth
-egg weight
-breast meat yield
Term
Quantitative traits are...
Definition
polygenic
Term
polygenic traits
Definition
traits affected by many genes
Term
other than each other, what do alleles interact with to produce traits?
Definition
the environment
Term
The analysis of a quantitative trait starts by...
Definition
describing the phenotype of a given trait in a population
Term
the distribution most quantitative traits follow
Definition
normal distribution
Term
the statistical parameters that govern normal distribution
Definition
-mean
-standard deviation
Term
standard normal distribution
Definition
A normal distribution with a mean of zero and a variance of 1
Term
amount of population within 1 standard deviation of the mean in a standard normal distribution (μ – 1σ and μ + 1σ)
Definition
68%
Term
amount of population within 2 standard deviation of the mean in a standard normal distribution (μ – 2σ and μ + 2σ)
Definition
95%
Term
amount of population within 3 standard deviation of the mean in a standard normal distribution (μ – 3σ and μ + 3σ)
Definition
99.7%
Term
how to calculate proportions of a normal distribution
Definition
Z = (Xi - μ) / σ then find probability of it on the Z score table
Term
symbols for mean, variance, and standard deviation for population and sample
Definition
[image]
Term
μ
Definition
population mean
Term
x
Definition
sample mean
Term
σ2
Definition
population variance
Term
s2
Definition
sample variance
Term
σ
Definition
population standard deviation
Term
s
Definition
sample standard deviation
Term
mean
Definition
An arithmetic average
Term
how to calculate mean
Definition
Mean = x̄ = (ΣX) / n x̄ = mean phenotypic value of the sample Xi = the ith phenotypic value Σ = the summation sign
Term
variation
Definition
in the breeding context, this refers to differences among individuals in a population
Term
Variation is the source of...
Definition
genetic change
Term
the raw material for geneticists
Definition
variation
Term
The most commonly used measures for variation
Definition
-variance
-standard deviation
Term
Variation is measured by...
Definition
variance or standard deviation
Term
how to calculate variance
Definition
σ2 = Σ(Xi - μ)2 / N N = number of individuals in that population
Term
the best estimate of population variance
Definition
sample variance, s2
Term
how to calculate sample variance
Definition
S2 = Σ(Xi - x̄)2 / (n - 1) or S2 = (ΣXi2 - ((ΣXi)2 / n)) / (n - 1)
Term
how to calculate standard deviation
Definition
square root of variance
Term
positive covariation
Definition
Y increases as X increases
Term
negative covariation
Definition
Y decreases as X increases
Term
no covariation
Definition
Y stays the same as X increases or decreases
Term
3 basic concepts of covariation
Definition
1.The direction or sign of the relationship, i.e. whether the relationship is positive, negative or non-existence.
2.The strength of the relationship.
3.The amount of change in one variable that can be expected for a given amount of change in another variable.
Term
Measures of Covariation
Definition
1. Covariance
2. Correlation
3. Regression
Term
covariance
Definition
the average product of deviation from the means of two variables
Term
how to calculate covariance
Definition
Cov(X,Y) = (Σ(XiYi - n *X̄*Ȳ)) / (n-1)
Term
Linear correlation
Definition
a measure of the degree of the relationship between two variables; indicates relationship and strength of it
Term
how to calculate linear corelation
Definition
rxy = (Cov(x,y)) / (sx * sy) rxy = ryx
Term
The simplest functional relationship of one variable to another
Definition
the simple linear regression
Term
Regression measures
Definition
the quantitative change in one variable that can be expected for a unit change in another variable
Term
the variables involved in linear correlation
Definition
-dependent variable
-independent variable
Term
relationship between dependent and independent variable
Definition
the magnitude of the dependent variable is determined by the magnitude of the independent variable
Term
the relationship between dependent and independent variables if they're linearly related
Definition
Y = a + byxX this is Y on X, i.e. byx ≠ bxy Y = the dependent variable X = the independent variable b = regression coefficient a = point of intersection (the value of Y when X =0)
Term
linear regression on a graph
Definition
[image]
Term
how to calculate regression variable
Definition
byx = (Cov(X,Y)) / (Var(X)) bxy = (Cov(X,Y)) / (Var(Y)) byx ≠ bxy
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