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POUL 4010 Test 2
POUL 4010 Test 2
373
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
08/15/2017

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Cards

Term
2nd most important thing to know when cleaning up the facility
Definition
contact time
Term
After 21 days of incubation, development is not as distinct in ______ as seen in 10 day candle analysis
Definition
early dead embryos
Term
After 21 days of incubation, development is not as distinct in early dead embryos as seen in ______
Definition
10 day candle analysis
Term
After ______ days of incubation, development is not as distinct in early dead embryos as seen in 10 day candle analysis
Definition
21
Term
Allantois
Definition
waste deposits, gas exchange, absorbs albumen from egg contents and Ca from shell
Term
Amnion
Definition
sac that holds the developing embryo, has transparent material that the embryo floats in
Term
Artificial incubation is a method to...
Definition
increase egg production
Term
Being above ______ on fertility is pretty good
Definition
92%
Term
Biggest change in incubation
Definition
what selection for meat and yield has done to the eggs we incubate, slow changes over time
Term
Breeders cost an incredible amount of money to feed if they’re...
Definition
not hatching chicks
Term
Buttons, wicks, strings or protruding yolk sac/intestines are an indication that...
Definition
-Egg did not lose enough moisture or lost too much moisture
-Incubation was too advanced by overheating- final hatch process got out of order
Term
Candling not as popular a diagnostic tool because of...
Definition
style of incubators
Term
Cell division starts ______ shortly after the union of spermatozoa and the germ cell of the egg.
Definition
within the hen
Term
Cell division starts within the hen shortly after ______.
Definition
the union of spermatozoa and the germ cell of the egg
Term
Chicks that spend a long time struggling to get out of the shell often...
Definition
bruise or cut themselves on the hocks
Term
Chorion
Definition
membrane that comes in direct contact with shell membrane, aids in gas exchange as it fuses with allantois
Term
Clear and dead embryos are removed by ______ used at transfer to hatcher.
Definition
inovo inject equipment
Term
Clear and dead embryos are removed by inovo inject equipment used at ______.
Definition
transfer to hatcher
Term
Cull egg
Definition
egg that gets culled
Term
Disinfection
Definition
the destruction of all vegetative forms of microorganisms
Term
Egyptians built ______ to incubate bird eggs
Definition
clay ovens
Term
Every hour chicks are in ______, they need to gain a certain amount of weight
Definition
the broiler house
Term
Every hour chicks are in the broiler house, they need to ______
Definition
gain a certain amount of weight
Term
Fertility
Definition
the % of eggs that are fertile
Term
Hatch of fertile
Definition
the fertile eggs that hatch
Term
Hatchability
Definition
the % of eggs that hatch
Term
Hatching egg
Definition
egg sent to hatchery
Term
If you got ______ eggs, you gotta proof it to your nutritionist
Definition
thin-shelled
Term
If you got thin-shelled eggs, you gotta ______
Definition
proof it to your nutritionist
Term
If your specific gravity is ______, you got good eggs
Definition
1.080 or greater
Term
In ______ that have thin shell and poor fertility, you could see egg contents on the chicks as they go through the separation.
Definition
older breeder flocks
Term
In large numbers, poorly healed navels suggest that ______, or moisture loss was off
Definition
the hatch was dragging, delayed
Term
In large numbers, poorly healed navels suggest that the hatch was dragging, delayed, or ______
Definition
moisture loss was off
Term
In older breeder flocks that have ______, you could see egg contents on the chicks as they go through the separation
Definition
thin shell and poor fertility
Term
In older breeder flocks that have thin shell and poor fertility, you could see ______ on the chicks as they go through the separation
Definition
egg contents
Term
In small numbers, unhealed navels just indicate ______- so not enough incubation time
Definition
a few green chicks
Term
In small numbers, unhealed navels just indicate a few green chicks- so ______
Definition
not enough incubation time
Term
Influence of flock age on reproductive failures
Definition
as flock gets older, you see...
-a decline in live pips
-more farm cracks
-more contaminated eggs
-more transfer cracks
Term
Less heart growth in chicks could lead to...
Definition
-ascites
-higher mortality
Term
MSDS are available from...
Definition
manufacturer
Term
Machines that have no ______ make it difficult to get to 10-12 day old embryos for candling.
Definition
central hallway
Term
Machines that have no central hallway make it difficult to get to 10-12 day old embryos for ______.
Definition
candling
Term
Machines that have no central hallway make it difficult to get to ______ day old embryos for candling.
Definition
10-12
Term
Most important aspect for quality chick
Definition
Don’t overheat this embryo, especially in the last week
Term
Need to candle ______ eggs for good estimate
Definition
400-600
Term
One downside to a breeder
Definition
could lose egg production
Term
People have been incubating bird eggs since...
Definition
the fourth century
Term
Remove organic matter with...
Definition
-soap/water
-high pressure water
-and/or hot water
Term
Requirements of good chemical sanitizers
Definition
-Non coroding and non staining
-Water soluble
-Penetrating (lower surface tension - stay on surface long enough to be effective)
-Effective with moderate organics
-Smell good
-Inexpensive
-Highly germicidal (biggy)
-Nontoxic to man and fowl
Term
Sanitation
Definition
*** what we do *** - the reduction of pathogenic organism numbers to a level that is not harmful
Term
Some dead eggs get this around the embryo
Definition
caseous material

caseous material is material that's undergone caseation, which is necrosis with conversion of damaged tissue into a soft cheesy substance
Term
Some of the single stage incubators are not opened until ______, so no opportunity to candle.
Definition
transfer
Term
Some of the single stage incubators are not opened until transfer, so no opportunity to ______.
Definition
candle
Term
Sterilization
Definition
the destruction of all infective and reproductive forms of all microorganisms
Term
The ______ period is critical to performance
Definition
incubation
Term
The baby chick doesn’t use that yolk sac much if...
Definition
it’s contaminated
Term
The breeder manager is most interested in...
Definition
fertility
Term
The fertile egg forms the ______
Definition
blastoderm
Term
The incubation period is critical to ______
Definition
performance
Term
The main advantage of multi-stage incubators
Definition
you have to add heat to eggs at the youngest stages of incubation and you have to remove heat at the older stages- sharing heat between these stages, more economical
Term
When you look into the batch of chicks, they should...
Definition
look at you
Term
Why look at yolk sacs?
Definition
Indication of what chick has used or left behind
Term
Yolk sac
Definition
holds yolk material and aids in nutrient movement to embryo (first stomach)
Term
You need this number to get the hatch of fertile
Definition
the fertility number
Term
Your ______ depends on how serious you see and act on biosecurity issues
Definition
personal income and the mortgage on the house
Term
Your personal income and the mortgage on the house depends on ______
Definition
how serious you see and act on biosecurity issues
Term
______ built clay ovens to incubate bird eggs
Definition
Egyptians
Term
______ embryos are removed by inovo inject equipment used at transfer to hatcher.
Definition
Clear and dead
Term
______ fertility can be called infertile
Definition
preblood
Term
a chick's weight gain and FCR are affected by...
Definition
hatchery and chick quality
Term
a problem that can be caused by high relative humidity
Definition
less moisture loss than we need
Term
a type of beetle to keep out of the hen and rearing houses
Definition
dartling beetle
Term
accuracy of fresh egg breakout
Definition
-Not as accurate as candle analysis
-2-5% error with no incubation of eggs
Term
advantages of single-stage incubator
Definition
provide more exact conditions for the embryos, better hatch, better quality chicks
Term
after establishing a new flock, don't visit...
Definition
other poultry farms
Term
age at which hatching eggs are vaccinated
Definition
17.5-19 days of incubation
Term
age of flock that doesn't put together well
Definition
young flock; assume younger than 30 weeks
Term
allow surface to do this before reuse
Definition
dry thoroughly
Term
allow surface to do this before reusing it
Definition
Allow it to dry before reusing
Term
an animal that can bring in disease
Definition
rodents
Term
an indicator that incubation proceeded too fast
Definition
yolk sac or gut left outside the body
Term
an insect that carries salmonella
Definition
darkling beetles
Term
are all eggs with dark colored fluid contaminated or middle dead?
Definition
not all of them
Term
ascites
Definition
accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Term
basics for proper egg incubation
Definition
-temp (99.5-99.9°F) -relative humidity (55-75%) -turning (once every hour) -fresh air or ventilation (remove excess heat and CO2)
Term
benefits of ideal incubation temperature
Definition
-Increases hatch
-More yolk free chick weight at hatch
-Less residual yolk, more yolk nutrients were utilized
-Good heart and intestinal growth
-Increases breast meat yield
Term
buggy type multi-stage machine
Definition
buggies are added on one side of the machine 4 days/wk and buggies w/ 18 day old embryos are removed from the other end of the machine (Jamesway)
Term
buildup of this inside the egg damages the egg
Definition
CO2
Term
caseation
Definition
necrosis with conversion of damaged tissue into a soft cheesy substance
Term
chick length vs. performance
Definition
Chick length not highly correlated to performance
Term
chick weight at hatch vs. performance
Definition
Chick weight at hatch or at day 1 is strongly correlated to optimum performance
Term
chicken eggs need how many days to hatch?
Definition
21 days
Term
chickens tend to hatch over a ______ hour period
Definition
12-18
Term
chicks that are struggling to get out of the shell tend to...
Definition
have more leg injuries or splay legs
Term
chicks to not send to broiler house
Definition
-wet chicks
-chicks with open navels
Term
classes of disinfectants
Definition
-Phenols
-Halogens
-Quaternary ammonium compounds
-Formaldehyde
Term
contact time you want
Definition
long contact time
Term
damage that can be detected from candle analysis
Definition
-Cracks, farm and handling, also hairline cracks from mechanical nests
-Contaminated
Term
dangers of formaldehyde
Definition
excellent killing agent and human carcinogen; also takes cillia off of your trachea
Term
dehydration in newly hatched chicks could be mostly due to...
Definition
humidity
Term
details about fresh egg breakout
Definition
-Break open unincubated eggs
-Observe the germinal disc
-Not as accurate as candle analysis
-2-5% error with no incubation of eggs
Term
disadvantage of mass candling
Definition
slightly less accurate
Term
disadvantage of multi-stage machine with stationary rack with central hallway
Definition
a bit higher on labor and a bit less efficient
Term
disadvantages of single-stage incubator
Definition
more expensive to run
Term
diseases are often brought into the broiler house by...
Definition
humans
Term
do this after each hatch in a broiler hatchery
Definition
clean up
Term
don't pull these chicks
Definition
green chicks
Term
early embryonic mortality higher in classic hen or yield hen?
Definition
yield
Term
effectiveness of formaldehyde
Definition
Excellent killing agent
Term
eggs are in hatcher until ______% of chicks are dry
Definition
95%
Term
first step in sanitation
Definition
cleaning
Term
first thing to do when cleaning
Definition
remove organic matter
Term
first thing to do when you use sanitizers
Definition
read the label
Term
fresh egg contents on chick relates to...
Definition
breeder flock causes
Term
germinal disc of fertile egg
Definition
kinda donut shaped
Term
germinal disc of infertile egg
Definition
unorganized white germinal disc
Term
green chicks
Definition
chicks that aren’t ready
Term
hatch pattern
Definition
% hatched chicks
Term
have these clothes for visitors after starting a new flock
Definition
-disposable boots
-coveralls
-hairnets
Term
hen's age vs. specific gravity of eggs
Definition
Specific gravity of eggs decreases with hen’s age
Term
high incubation temp causes...
Definition
-Lower hatch
-Decreased yolk free chick
-Lower yolk sac utilization
-Less intestinal growth
-Less heart growth
-Poor bone strength
-More downgraded chicks
Term
how a sanitizer has to be regarding metal
Definition
non-corrosive
Term
how age affects chick quality
Definition
chicks from young hens are not good quality (lots of early deads)
Term
how age of flock affects reproductive performance
Definition
Fertility, hatchability, and hatch of fertile decrease as the flock gets older
Term
how breed/strain may affect chick quality
Definition
Some birds are easier to work with and some are more delicate
Term
how candling tells you whether an egg is fertile or infertile
Definition
Infertile eggs will be bright in color and those with a well developed embryo will be dark in color
Term
how clean the egg cooler needs to be
Definition
The egg cooler should be one of the cleanest places in the hatchery
Term
how clean the eggs that go to the hatchery need to be
Definition
The eggs that go to the hatchery need to be as clean as possible
Term
how condensation increases bacterial contamination of eggs
Definition
allows bacteria, such as salmonella, to get thru the pores
Term
how cooling off the table egg affects bacteria
Definition
The faster you cool off the table egg, the less bacteria will grow on it
Term
how far away the hatchery could be from the laying house
Definition
a few miles to 50-100 miles
Term
how flock age affects late dead embryonic mortality
Definition
Late dead (15-21 days) mortality higher before 30 weeks due to not putting the egg together exactly and higher after 45 or so weeks because of incubation issues, something like that
Term
how flock age affects middle dead embryonic mortality
Definition
The middle dead (8-14 days) doesn’t change much
Term
how formaldehyde should be used
Definition
should be used such that there’s very little human exposure
Term
how hatching eggs are vaccinated
Definition
transfer eggs from incubator flats to hatcher baskets and vaccinated (inovo) at 17.5-19 days of incubation
Term
how length of storage affects hatchability
Definition
Hatchability goes down the longer the eggs are stored
Term
how long to store hatching eggs
Definition
Store them for 7 days or less
Term
how much of a chick's life is spent in the incubator?
Definition
nearly 1/3 of it
Term
how newly hatched chicks are processed before going to the broiler house
Definition
Chicks are separated from the hatch debris, counted and obvious culls removed. Also could get post-hatch vaccinations.
Term
how often hatcheries micro test facility
Definition
once per week
Term
how often hatcheries test chicks
Definition
once per week or every other week
Term
how often hatching eggs are picked up per week
Definition
2-3 times per week
Term
how often hatching occurs in a broiler hatchery
Definition
typically, broiler hatcheries hatch 4 days a week, MTRF
Term
how often to pick up eggs from the farms
Definition
2-3 times per week
Term
how often to rotate rodent baits
Definition
every 6 months or so
Term
how often you want to turn the egg in egg incubation
Definition
once every hour
Term
how the navel has to be in a newly hatched chick before it goes to the broiler house
Definition
tightly closed
Term
how the patter needs to be to ensure that there is more uniformity in healthy chicks
Definition
The patter needs to be tighter towards the center to ensure that there is more uniformity in healthy chicks
Term
how timing of hatch in the hatch patter affects healing
Definition
Chicks hatched early in the hatch patter will be healed very well but later will not be healed well.
Term
how to candle eggs
Definition
Expose eggs that have been incubated for 10-12 days (broiler breeder eggs) to a bright light source
Term
how to do fresh egg breakout
Definition
-Break open unincubated eggs
-Observe the germinal disc
Term
how to heat the building when sanitizing
Definition
Heat up the building as much as possible so chemical is more effective
Term
how to prevent overheating among newly hatched chicks that are headed to the broiler farm
Definition
space the stacks to prevent overheating
Term
if the chick's navel isn't sealed,...
Definition
you’re likely to have a poor quality chick that won’t perform for you
Term
if the leg veins of newly hatched chicks are easy to see,...
Definition
the pull time is too late
Term
if the newly hatched chick's navel isn't tightly cloced,...
Definition
it runs the risk of being torn open in the broiler house
Term
if there's too little moisture loss during incubation, you get...
Definition
mushy, low quality chicks that are more susceptible to bacterial infections
Term
if you allow the hen to incubate,...
Definition
you will get fewer eggs
Term
if you remove the egg from the hen’s nest, she will...
Definition
continue laying eggs
Term
impact of incubator relative humidity on chick quality
Definition
Minor impact
Term
impact of incubator temp on chick quality
Definition
Major impact influencing embryo development
Term
importance of MSDS
Definition
MUST be present; know it for everything you have
Term
in incubation, eggs go from ______ to ______
Definition
breeder farm
hatchery
Term
in room and machine ventilation, ______ close to save heat but will suffer by not getting enough oxygen in the machine and moisture out of the machine
Definition
dampers
Term
in room and machine ventilation, dampers close to save ______ but will suffer by not getting enough oxygen in the machine and moisture out of the machine
Definition
heat
Term
in room and machine ventilation, dampers close to save heat but will suffer by not getting enough ______ in the machine and moisture out of the machine
Definition
oxygen
Term
in room and machine ventilation, dampers close to save heat but will suffer by not getting enough oxygen in the machine and ______ out of the machine
Definition
moisture
Term
in room and machine ventilation, it's important to create ______ environment in machines, get rid of heat and CO2, bring in O2
Definition
homogenous
Term
in room and machine ventilation, it's important to create homogenous environment in machines, get rid of ______, bring in O2
Definition
heat and CO2
Term
in room and machine ventilation, it's important to create homogenous environment in machines, get rid of heat and CO2, bring in ______
Definition
O2
Term
in room and machine ventilation, the machine will try to ______, but we want to run it under ideal conditions
Definition
compensate
Term
in room and machine ventilation, the machine will try to compensate, but we want to run it under ______
Definition
ideal conditions
Term
industry average for chicken eggs to be incubated (in hours)
Definition
504-512
Term
industry preferred method of candling
Definition
mass candling
Term
infor obtained from candle analysis
Definition
-Estimate of fertility
-Early dead mortality
-Some mid-deads
-Cracks, farm and handling, also hairline cracks from mechanical nests
-Percent of upside-down eggs
-Contaminated
-Need to candle 400-600 eggs for good estimate
-Removing only the clear eggs so viable eggs go on to yield chicks
Term
is temperature differential conducive to a chick's performance?
Definition
no
Term
is the egg shell solid or pourous?
Definition
pourous
Term
late dead
Definition
15-21 days
Term
late dead mortality higher among flocks older than 45 weeks because of...
Definition
incubation issues, which can be caused by size of egg
Term
late dead mortality higher among flocks younger than 30 weeks because of...
Definition
not putting the egg together exactly
Term
late embryonic mortality higher in classic hen or yield hen?
Definition
yield
Term
less residual yolk material is an indicator that...
Definition
more yolk nutrients were utilized
Term
let hatcher baskets do this after being sanitized
Definition
dry off
Term
lower hatch could be due to...
Definition
high late dead and pips
Term
middle dead
Definition
8-14 days
Term
middle embryonic mortality higher in classic hen or yield hen?
Definition
same
Term
multi-stage incubator
Definition
eggs are added over time and there are different or multiple stages of incubation
Term
multi-stage machine with stationary rack with central hallway
Definition
group of individual trays are added to machine 4 days/wk and another group of trays are removed from the machine (Chick Master)
Term
navel button
Definition
basically a scab on the navel
Term
number of hours eggs are in hatcher
Definition
about 504 hours (±)
Term
one way organic matter reduces the effectiveness of disinfectants
Definition
Disinfectant may react with and then be inactivated
Term
our goal in incubation
Definition
to get high hatch
Term
people to not allow to visit after you start a new flock
Definition
people that have chicks or birds of any kind
Term
people working on the broiler breeder side aren’t allowed to have any...
Definition
domestic birds
Term
people working on this side aren’t allowed to have any domestic birds
Definition
broiler breeder
Term
preblood fertility can be called ______
Definition
infertile
Term
prevent this after starting a new flock
Definition
Prevent introducing infectious agents
Term
pullet chick
Definition
chick from a young breeder flock
Term
pulling
Definition
removing chicks from machine
Term
rate of kill with disinfectant
Definition
Initial lag, but more die in the beginning than later
Term
read this before using the disinfectant
Definition
the label
Term
red hock
Definition
abrasion on hock, which indicates struggle to get out of shell
Term
red hocks or red beaks may be caused by...
Definition
Dehydration, mostly due to humidity
Term
remove this before you use sanitizers
Definition
organic materials
Term
rotate disinfectants how often?
Definition
every 4-6 months
Term
sanitation program in most hatcheries
Definition
most hatcheries micro test facility once per month, test chicks once per week or every other week
Term
set temp for meat yielding strains today
Definition
99.5-99.3°F- some even as low as 99.2°F
Term
setter
Definition
another term for incubator
Term
shell or egg contents on chick could indicate...
Definition
-incubation proceeded too fast
-relative humidity too low
Term
single-stage incubator
Definition
machine is filled with all the same stage of embryos
Term
size of chicks from older hens
Definition
larger
Term
some chick quality issues
Definition
-Increases hatch
-More yolk free chick weight at hatch
-Less residual yolk, more yolk nutrients were utilized
-Good heat and intestinal growth
-Increases breast meat yield
-Splay leg
-Red hock
Term
some classes of disinfectants
Definition
-Phenols
-Halogens (iodine or hypochlorite)
-Quaternary ammonium compounds
-Formaldehyde
Term
some criteria for evaluating chick quality
Definition
-livability
-productivity
-weight at hatch
-appearance
-activity
-free of navel buttons and wicks/strings
-no red beaks
Term
some details about determining whether an egg is fertile or infertile
Definition
-In incubated eggs-- don’t try to pour the egg contents out. Yolk membrane is fragile after incubation and will likely break leaving you to guess the fertility status of the egg
-Crack the top of the egg and remove the top portion of the shell
-Germinal disc will likely be on top
Term
some details about embryonic development
Definition
-Cell division starts within the hen shortly after the union of spermatozoa and the germ cell of the egg. Strain differences in cell division at the time of lay (stage X or 10 when laid).
-The fertile egg forms the blastoderm, which forms 2 cell layer, the ectoderm and endoderm (within hen) third layer forms about the time the egg is laid (mesoderm)
-Stage 10 is the ideal stage for the embryo to go dormant and resume development in the incubator
Term
some details about incubation of hatching eggs
Definition
-Chicken need 21 days to hatch (industry average 504-512 hours of incubation time)
-Turkey eggs need about 28 days to hatch
-Some strains need little more or less incubation time and temp (even some strains in the same company)
Term
some details about residue analysis
Definition
-Complete picture (set thru hatch)
-Early, mid, and late embryonic mortality
-Pips and culls, live and dead
-Cracks, farm, and transfer
-Contaminated
-Cull or abnormal shelled eggs
-4-6 trays of residue, unhatched of 400-600 incubated eggs
-Match candled tray with residue tray and finish
-If the shell is cracked, the membrane could become kinda papery, which is harder for the chick to pip thru
Term
some factors of productivity of a chick
Definition
body weight gain and FCR
Term
some factors that affect chick quality
Definition
-Incubation temp
-Incubator relative humidity
-Room and machine ventilation
-And other- breed/strain, hen age, shell quality, etc.
Term
some halogens used as disinfectants
Definition
-iodine
-hypochlorite
Term
some issues with candling eggs
Definition
-Candling not as popular a diagnostic tool because of style of incubators. Machines that have no central hallway make it difficult to get to 10-12 day old embryos for candling.
-Some of the single stage incubators are not opened until transfer, so no opportunity to candle.
-Clear and dead embryos are removed by inovo inject equipment used at transfer to hatcher. These egg removers are conservative- leaving any egg with a possibility of being alive.
Term
some reasons some eggs don't hatch
Definition
-Contaminated, dirty nest, wet floors, floor egg
-Size and shape
-Cracked, collection schedule, floor egg, thin shells
-Not fertile
-Uneven hen size
-Handling and storage conditions and length (This includes vehicles bumping up and down while carrying eggs)
Term
some reproductive things that decrease as the flock gets older
Definition
-Fertility
-hatchability
-hatch of fertile
Term
some things indicated by small yolk sac
Definition
Smaller yolk sac = utilized more nutrients and lost good amount of moisture during incubation
Term
some things low relative humidity during incubation can do to the chicks
Definition
-Dehydrates the eggs and chicks
-Causes lower body weight at hatch (more unused yolk), lower performance
-Can cause red hock because of struggling to get out of shell
Term
some things that affect the accuracy of estimates of more developed but dead embryos in mass candling
Definition
-Size (or age of the breeder flock)
-Placement of an egg on the light table
Term
some things that can be estimated from candle analysis
Definition
-Estimate of fertility
-Early dead mortality
-Some mid-deads
-Percent of upside-down eggs
Term
some things that can downgrade chicks
Definition
-buttons
-wicks
-strings
-etc.
Term
some things to have in place after starting a new flock
Definition
-Don’t visit other poultry farms and down allow others to visit that have chicks or birds of any kind
-Have dedicated poultry house clothing and shoes
-Have a visitors log (record every person, day and time that visits your farm)
-Have disposable boots, coveralls, and hairnets for all visitors to your house
-Use locks - locks make for honest people
-Fence and gate around the houses
-Have no other birds
-Do not let your pets visit chicken houses
Term
some things to have in place when you have a broiler breeder flock
Definition
-Have a visitor’s log
-Have disposable protective gear for all visitors
-Make it obvious that you don’t want a casual visitor
-Have no other birds
-Don’t let your pets visit
Term
some things you don't want in chicks
Definition
-navel buttons
-wicks/strings
-red beaks
-red hocks
Term
some things you want in the appearance of a chick
Definition
-bright eyes
-clean
-sealed navel
Term
some variation that occurs with hatching eggs
Definition
Some strains need little more or less incubation time and temp (even some strains in the same company)
Term
something that can affect the embryo if the shell is cracked
Definition
If the shell is cracked, the membrane could become kinda papery, which is harder for the chick to pip thru
Term
something that can cause incubation issues
Definition
size of egg
Term
something that relative humidity of incubator can cause in chicks
Definition
Some spots and red hocks
Term
something you don't want on the chick
Definition
yolk material
Term
something you don't want on the chicks
Definition
shell or egg contents
Term
something you have to remove when cleaning the facility
Definition
organic matter
Term
standard incubation temp for meat yielding strains
Definition
99.5-99.3°F
Term
temp at which sanitizers work best
Definition
higher temps
Term
temperature at which disinfectants work better
Definition
higher temp
Term
temperature of farm cooler
Definition
65-67°F
Term
temperature of hatchery cooler
Definition
65-67°F
Term
the 2 types of multi-stage machines
Definition
-stationary rack with central hallway
-buggy type
Term
the 4 extraembryonic membranes that develop during incubation
Definition
-amnion
-chorion
-yolk sac
-allantois
Term
the amount of change that indicates a problem in middle dead flock mortality
Definition
more than half of a percent
Term
the amount of days you need for viruses and bacteria to die
Definition
14-28 days
Term
the amount of down time needed for hen houses
Definition
3-6 wks
Term
the amount of down time needed for rearing houses
Definition
2-4wks
Term
the amount of downtime needed after you clean the facility
Definition
14-28 days
Term
the amount of downtime you need for hen houses
Definition
3-6 wks
Term
the amount of downtime you need for rearing houses
Definition
2-4 wks
Term
the amount of moisture eggs need to lose in multistage machines
Definition
12-14%
Term
the amount of moisture that constitutes dehydrated hatching chicks
Definition
16-18% moisture
Term
the amount of time required for a disinfectant to kill
Definition
~30 minutes- not instantaneous
Term
the amount of turning provided by the incubator
Definition
90°
Term
the biggest biosecurity issue when starting a new flock
Definition
what humans bring in
Term
the biggest problems after starting a new flock
Definition
People and equipment are the biggest problems
Term
the blastoderm forms...
Definition
2 cell layer, the ectoderm and endoderm
Term
the chicks that are removed before going to the broiler house
Definition
the obvious culls
Term
the clothing to have when starting a new flock
Definition
dedicated clothing and shoes for growers and service techs
Term
the eggs to remove when candling and why
Definition
Removing only the clear eggs so viable eggs go on to yield chicks
Term
the first step in cleaning in sanitation
Definition
removing organic material
Term
the first step in sanitation
Definition
cleaning; the first step of this is removing organic material
Term
the ideal stage for the embryo to go dormant and resume development in the incubator
Definition
stage 10
Term
the relative humidity you want in egg incubation
Definition
55-75%
Term
the set temp in old hatchery manuals
Definition
99.9°F
Term
the temperature of the hatchery cooler the hatching eggs are put in
Definition
65-67°F
Term
the temperature you want in egg incubation
Definition
99.5-99.9°F
Term
the trucks hatching eggs are put on after they're picked up
Definition
climate controlled trucks
Term
the type of clothing to have after you start a new flock
Definition
dedicated poultry house clothing and shoes
Term
things from previous flock that you don't want left over after you finish cleaning the house
Definition
organic material left from last flock (no feces, dander or feathers)
Term
things that could cause red hock
Definition
-Struggled to get out of shell
-Humidity issues
Term
things that enter the egg
Definition
Oxygen
Term
things that escape the egg
Definition
CO2 and water
Term
this happens to the abdomen of a chick that was incubated under high relative humidity
Definition
Abdomen is distended and is "like a beanbag"
Term
turkey eggs need how many days to hatch?
Definition
28
Term
type of bird that's a complete no-no for broiler breeders
Definition
wild birds
Term
type of mortality that can be detected from residue analysis
Definition
Early, mid, and late embryonic mortality
Term
type of sanitizer to use on surfaces
Definition
foam sanitizer
Term
types of incubators used for hatching eggs
Definition
-multi stage
-single stage
Term
vaccinations newly hatched chicks could get after hatching
Definition
post-hatch vaccinations
Term
verify this in eggs with dark colored fluid
Definition
verify that embryo is present
Term
what CO2 buildup does to egg
Definition
damages it
Term
what MSDS does
Definition
Provides info about hazards
Term
what chicks are separated from before being sent to the broiler house
Definition
the hatch debris
Term
what easily visible leg veins in newly hatched chicks could be an indicator of
Definition
dehydration
Term
what happens to chicks that don't hatch on time?
Definition
you got loss
Term
what happens to membranes if chicks are incubated under too high relative humidity
Definition
Membranes are more difficult to pip through, can see more red hocks
Term
what happens to the blood in mid-dead embryos?
Definition
blood in the embryonic vessels and at skin level turn dark red to brown
Term
what happens to the embryo at 14 days?
Definition
fully feathered, embryo takes up most of the interior, turns head toward large end of the egg
Term
what happens to the embryo at 18 days?
Definition
fully grown and feathered, yolk sac still outside the body, head under right wing
Term
what happens to the embryo at 19 days?
Definition
-chick occupies egg, yolk sac drawn into body and amniotic fluid consumed, beak not in egg cell
-Still breathing thru vessels; not lung breathing yet
Term
what happens to the embryo at 20 days?
Definition
yolk completely inside chick, internal and external pip (lung breathing)
Term
what happens to the embryo at 21 days?
Definition
pipping
Term
what happens to the embryo at 7 days?
Definition
starts to develop egg tooth and comb
Term
what happens to the yolk sac as the chick prepares to hatch?
Definition
the yolk sac is drawn into the abdominal cavity and the navel seals
Term
what happens when eggs lose too much heat moisture?
Definition
they have large abdomen, which means mushy chick
Term
what high relative humidity during incubation does to the navel
Definition
More difficult for navel to heal over an enlarged yolk sac
Term
what incubators provide to the hatching eggs
Definition
-heat
-RH
-turning
-ventilation
Term
what the hatching eggs are put in at the hatchery
Definition
a hatchery cooler
Term
what the sensitivity test is used for
Definition
To find most effective disinfectant to kill bacteria
Term
what to do after flock leaves farm
Definition
clean and disinfect poultry house
Term
what too low a relative humidity does to chicks
Definition
leaves membranes and shell stuck to the chicks
Term
what will happen if you vaccinate hatching eggs outside of 17.5-19 days of incubation?
Definition
you’ll have some dead embryos
Term
what you don't want left over after you clean the hatchery
Definition
feces, feathers, or anything else affiliated with birds
Term
what you must allow the surface to do after you sanitize and why
Definition
Allow surface to dry before reuse; we get better kill when the surface dries
Term
what you want the surface tension of disinfectants to be and why
Definition
lower surface tension - stay on surface long enough to be effective
Term
what you want the yolk sac to be at hatch and why
Definition
What you want is a small residual yolk, because that indicates that they used the nutrients
Term
what you want the activity of the chick to be
Definition
you want them to be very active, moving to feed and water
Term
when candling, ______ eggs will be bright in color and ______ will be dark in color
Definition
infertile
those with a well developed embryo
Term
when chicks are still damp and navels not closed,...
Definition
the pull time is too early
Term
when chicks hatch, pull chicks when 5% are ______
Definition
still damp spot

You want a little moisture on the chicks
Term
when chicks hatch, pull chicks when ______ are still damp spot
Definition
5%

You want a little moisture on the chicks
Term
when communicating specific gravity of eggs, they often...
Definition
cut out the 1.0
Term
when issues with livability of chicks usually occur
Definition
3-4 days after placement
Term
when pull time is too late
Definition
when the outside of the shells are dirty
and/or
when the chicks are loud and/or gasping
and/or
when the leg veins of newly hatched chicks are easy to see
Term
when the chicks are loud and/or gasping,...
Definition
the pull time is too late
Term
when the mesoderm is formed
Definition
about the time the egg is laid
Term
when the outside of the shells are dirty,...
Definition
the pull time is too late
Term
when the pull time is too early
Definition
when there is blood on the inside of the shells
and/or
when chicks are still damp and navels not closed
Term
when there is blood on the inside of the shells,...
Definition
the pull time is too early
Term
when to clean and disinfect poultry house
Definition
after flock leaves farm
Term
when to do the extra cleaning in a broiler hatchery
Definition
Wednesday
Term
when vaccinating a hatching egg, where do you want to inject the vaccine?
Definition
air cell
Term
where hatching eggs are taken after being collected
Definition
hatchery
Term
where the germinal disc will be when you crack the egg open
Definition
likely on top
Term
which has more contaminated eggs? classic hen or yield hen?
Definition
same
Term
which has more eggs with farm cracks? classic hen or yield hen?
Definition
same
Term
which has more eggs with transfer cracks? classic hen or yield hen?
Definition
same
Term
which has more pips? classic hen or yield hen?
Definition
yield hen
Term
why European eggs aren't very safe
Definition
because in Europe, they don’t wash or refrigerate eggs
Term
why biosecurity after starting a new flock is important for the business side of the operation
Definition
Your personal income and the mortgage on the house depends on how serious you see and act on biosecurity issues
Term
why chicks from older hens aren't high quality
Definition
shell quality
Term
why chicks from young flock aren't high quality
Definition
because the hen is not putting together everything right
Term
why chicks incubated under low relative humidity have lower body weight
Definition
more unused yolk
Term
why farm cracks increase as the breeder flock gets older
Definition
because of eggs getting larger and shells getting thinner, something like that
Term
why hen and rearing houses need doentime
Definition
time to kill rodents and insects, since they can carry over diseases and such
Term
why it's bad to have a string between navel and shell
Definition
because it makes chick vulnerable to evisceration and opening of navel
Term
why it's bad to have shell stuck to navel
Definition
because it may or may not be perfectly healed, but can’t tell
Term
why it's more difficult for navel to heal in a chick incubated under high humidity
Definition
enlarged yolk sac
Term
why less intestinal growth is a bad thing
Definition
because the chick is less prepared to absorb nutrients from feed after placement
Term
why low humidity can cause red hock
Definition
struggle to get out of shell
Term
why lower yolk sac utilization is a bad thing
Definition
because less nutrients end up in the chicks
Term
why most broiler hatcheries are flat roofed buildings
Definition
because of equipment on top
Term
why older hens lay eggs with shells that aren't high quality
Definition
-More contamination
-more cracks
-There’s an accumulation of what was in the flock from the beginning
Term
why people working on the broiler breeder side aren’t allowed to have any domestic birds
Definition
biosecurity reasons
Term
why placement of an egg on the light table affects the estimate of more developed but dead embryos
Definition
because the closer the egg is to the edges, the more light leaks
Term
why rearing and hen houses need down time
Definition
Time to kill the rodents and insects
Term
why size (or age of the breeder flock) affects the estimate of more developed but dead embryos
Definition
because the smaller the egg is, the more light that leaks
Term
why the machines in incubation must work hard to get rid of heat after the first 7 days
Definition
because some strains produce a large amount of metabolic heat
Term
why turning is necessary for incubation
Definition
turning prevents the embryo from sticking to shell
Term
why ventilation is important the incubator
Definition
to create a homogeneous environment and heat and CO2
Term
why visually dirty eggs shouldn't go to the hatchery
Definition
because the bacteria on the eggs also produce gas inside that shell, making it likely to explode when heated to high temperatures
Term
why we have to apply heat during incubation
Definition
heat regulates the pace of the process
Term
why you don't want any navel buttons
Definition
because chicks pecking at it creates open wound, which could expose intestines
Term
why you gotta be careful with the insecticides you use around birds
Definition
because there’s lots of insecticides that can’t be sprayed with birds present
Term
why you have to remove organic matter when cleaning/sanitizing
Definition
because organic material reduces effectiveness of chemical disinfectants and protects pathogens
Term
why you must remove organic matter when you clean the facility
Definition
-May protect cell from disinfectant
-Disinfectant may react with and then be inactivated
-May absorb disinfectant from solution
-Reduces effectiveness of chemical disinfectants
Term
why you need to prevent visitors when you start a new flock
Definition
because of the risk of bringing diseases and such
Term
why you want a chick to be yolk free
Definition
because if they're not yolk free, they have lower final body weights (chick weight maybe the same)
Term
why you want a very clean environment for a hatchery
Definition
because if it’s a nasty filthy farm, there could be disease
Term
why you want fresh air or ventilation in egg incubation
Definition
to remove excess heat and CO2
Term
why you want locks after starting a new flock
Definition
locks make for honest people
Term
why you want to keep dartling beetles out
Definition
because they carry a lot of diseases (Particularly salmonella)
Term
why you want to space the stacks of newly hatched chicks that are headed to the broiler house
Definition
to prevent overheating
Term
why youneed downtime after you clean the facility
Definition
time for all the bacteria and viruses to die
Term
you may need to do this when using sanitizers
Definition
rinse
Term
you may need to do this after sanitizing
Definition
rinse
Term
you see more red hocks and splayed legs with eggs that have been...
Definition
over heated or in low humidity environment
Term
you want chicks to be free of...
Definition
navel buttons and wicks/strings
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