Shared Flashcard Set

Details

POUL 4010 Final
POUL 4010 Final
589
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
08/15/2017

Additional Agriculture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Top 5 Egg Producing Nations
Definition
1: China
2: U.S.
3: India
4: Japan
5: Mexico
Term
one nation with a low per capita consumption of eggs
Definition
India
Term
one nation with a high per capita consumption of eggs
Definition
Japan
Term
Top 4 U.S. Egg Companies
Definition
1: Cal-Maine Foods
2: Rose Acre Farms
3: Hillandale Farms
4: Versova Holdings
Term
two egg companies in Georgia and where they rank
Definition
43: Country Charm Eggs
44: Lanthem Farms
Term
______ companies own 313.2 million hens (~98% of U.S. flock)
Definition
63
Term
63 companies own ______ million hens (~98% of U.S. flock)
Definition
313.2
Term
63 companies own 313.2 million hens (~______% of U.S. flock)
Definition
98
Term
where Cal-Maine Foods has business in GA
Definition
has 2 complexes in GA, one in Shadydale
Term
how Cal-Maine Foods is growing
Definition
largely by acquiring other companies
Term
where Rose-Acre Farms has business in GA
Definition
they have a couple complexes in GA, one near Madison
Term
where Country Charm Eggs is located
Definition
Gillsville, GA
Term
who owns the laying complex in Pendergrass, GA?
Definition
Lanthem Farms
Term
recent trend in conventional layer production
Definition
remained about the same over the past few years
Term
recent trend in % cage free layer production
Definition
increased over past few years, especially fast increase since 2015
Term
recent trend in total cage-free layer production
Definition
some increase over the past few years, especially since 2015
Term
recent trend in organic layer production
Definition
little increase over past few years, especially since 2015
Term
the increase in cage-free production will continue increasing if...
Definition
the companies follow thru on their promises
Term
prevalence of cage-free farms in GA
Definition
not many in GA
Term
layer production in California has declined in production due to...
Definition
some change in policy
Term
much of the egg production in the U.S. is in...
Definition
the MW
Term
one reason most of the layer production is in the Midwest
Definition
because the feed is already there, making it cheaper
Term
one possible reason for lower egg production in California
Definition
must be due to Cal proposition 2, which says any animal should be able to have some freedom; this has increased the cost of egg production in Cal
Term
top 5 egg producing states
Definition
1: Iowa
2: Ohio
3: Indiana
4: Pennsylvania
5: Texas
Term
how many laying hens are in GA?
Definition
about 9.5 million
Term
something that happened with turkeys in 2015
Definition
disease outbreak in MN, I think AI
Term
when people tend to cook more with eggs
Definition
fall
Term
what AI did to the egg industry in 2015
Definition
killed off lots of birds, causing the egg producers to get more young birds; young birds produce more eggs than old birds
Term
reasons for decrease in per capita egg consumption since 1950
Definition
-health concerns
-people started gravitating away from breakfast eggs
-cholesterol and heart disease deterred people from eggs
Term
why per capita egg consumption has increased in recent years
Definition
-associated health benefits
-growth in scientific understanding
Term
when it seems that nobody buys eggs whole
Definition
summer time
Term
what happens with most table eggs?
Definition
sold in grocery stores and such
Term
why there seems to be a decline in number of birds being molted
Definition
kinda due to birds getting more and more productive
Term
trend in number of birds getting molted in 2017
Definition
seems to be a slight increase
Term
why only 3.2% of the flock in the NE is molted compared to the national average 17.2%
Definition
-indirectly has something to do with the cost of molting
-NE is primarily a brown egg market, and brown egg layers are harder to molt than white egg layers
Term
what color egg seems to be preferred in the NE?
Definition
brown
Term
which laying hens are harder to molt?
Definition
brown egg layers
Term
which egg layer is bigger? white or brown?
Definition
brown
Term
variation of egg market in U.S.
Definition
different parts of the U.S. have different markets for eggs
Term
recent trend in price of feed for laying hens
Definition
slow decline since 2013
Term
why there was a sharp decline in non-processed egg price from 2015 to 2016
Definition
AI
Term
why companies have to be organized
Definition
so they can survive times of economic loss
Term
cost to produce a dozen eggs
Definition
$0.61
-feed: $0.33
-pullet: $0.11
-labor, housing dep. & interest, and miscellaneous: $0.17
Term
cost to grow WL pullet to 19 wk
Definition
$3.73
Term
why it's easier to grow pullets than broilers
Definition
because pullets are more heat tolerant
Term
depiction of the floors cage free and organic layers are raised on
Definition
[image]
Term
picture of a modern pullet house
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of how things are set up in a high-rise house
Definition
[image]
Term
one reason it's better to get chicks from a local hatchery
Definition
because if transported from a distant hatchery, chicks may be dehydrated and stressed
Term
company that owns hatcheries that many companies buy their chicks from
Definition
Hy-Line
Term
one place in Georgia where Hy-Line has a hatchery
Definition
Mansfield, GA
Term
feeding system used with layer hens
Definition
nipple system
Term
where you might wanna put extra feed when you have new layer chicks
Definition
floor (egg flats and paper)
Term
the behavior layer chicks learn
Definition
the behavior of the ones they're hatched with
Term
which system has more floor space per pullet? cage or floor?
Definition
cage
Term
which system has more feeder space per pullet? cage or floor?
Definition
both have the same (2" per bird)
Term
which system has more pullets per cup/nipple? cage or floor?
Definition
floor
Term
the feeding behavior chickens like to do
Definition
they like to copy the other chickens
Term
why newly hatched chicks need warm environment to thrive
Definition
because newly hatched chicks have little ability to control their body temperature
Term
some things to pay attention to concerning temperature when raising pullets
Definition
-breeder guidelines
-chick behavior
Term
when chickens peep, it could be...
Definition
a distress call asking for another chick to care for them and huddle with them
Term
depiction of what behavior of the chicks could indicate
Definition
[image]
Term
the temperature you want the place to be when the pullets arrive
Definition
about 33 C
Term
the temperature you want the place to be when the pullets are 112 days old
Definition
21 C
Term
what happens to the temperature when you're growing pullets?
Definition
goes down (from 33 C to 21 C)
Term
effect of growing temperature on 20 wk body weight of layer pullets
Definition
tend to be a little larger at 21 C than at 32 C
Term
why birds grown at 21 C were a little larger than the ones grown at 32 C
Definition
the ones at 32 C must have had suppressed appetite
Term
what might happen if pullets are grown at too high a temperature?
Definition
they may be undersized at sexual maturity
Term
options to reduce effective environmental temperature with laying pullets
Definition
-convection
-evaporation of water
Term
some ways convection can be used to reduce the effective environmental temperature with laying pullets
Definition
-circulating fans
-tunnel ventilation?
Term
some ways evaporation of water can be used to reduce the effective environmental temperature with laying pullets
Definition
-misters
-cool cell pads on air inlets
Term
how ventilation is done with laying hens
Definition
air comes thru the inlets in the ceiling and kinda cascades onto the cages
Term
what would happen if the laying house was tunnel ventilated?
Definition
the birds in the cooler area would eat more and get bigger than the ones in the warmer area
Term
why ventilation isn't as big an issue for hens near the ground
Definition
because the ground is a heat sink
Term
trend in growth of commercial pullets
Definition
tends to be near linear over the span of 18 weeks
Term
why you want the birds to be a certain size at a certain age
Definition
egg production purposes
Term
some problems that can occur with underweight pullets
Definition
-low production
-small eggs
-prone to uterine prolapse
Term
some problems that can occur with overweight pullets
Definition
-large eggs
-high feed consumption
Term
prolapse
Definition
where the uterus extrudes from the body due to the forces necessary to lay an egg and egg size; kills the bird
Term
the type of laying hen more likely to be underweight
Definition
white leghorns
Term
how to avoid underweight pullets
Definition
avoid unnecessary stresses that depress growth
Term
the issue with white leghorns
Definition
getting them to grow
Term
how crowding affects the growth of caged pullets
Definition
slightly smaller pullets when a little more crowded
Term
why you want the flock to do just about everything at the same time
Definition
because it's more profitable if you can do the management more easily
Term
why you want the flock to be uniform
Definition
because uniformity makes the flock easier to manage
Term
relationship between body weight and maturity
Definition
heavier pullets tend to mature sooner than lighter pullets
Term
flock uniformity is determined by...
Definition
quality of flock management
Term
some things that can reduce flock uniformity
Definition
-overcrowding
-overheating
-poor ventilation
-poor nutrition
-poor beak trimming
-uneven thermal environment
-etc.
Term
uniformity
Definition
% of flock within + or - 10 % of average body weight
Term
the amount of uniformity you want in a flock
Definition
at least above 80%; above 90% even better
Term
how the amount of protein in a ration should change before sexual maturity
Definition
amount of protein in ration should decline with age before sexual maturity
Term
age at which a pullet will accumulate fat
Definition
after about 10-12 wks of age
Term
rate of muscle development vs. age of pullet
Definition
slows down with age
Term
feed intake vs. age of pullet
Definition
increases with age
Term
phases in feeding a pullet
Definition
-starter
-grower
-developer
Term
feed conversion of pullets compared to that of broilers
Definition
less efficient than broilers
Term
importance of light when raising pullets
Definition
light is fundamental to the growth and development of pullets
Term
what light affects in a pullet
Definition
-growth
-circadian rhythm
-activity level
Term
circadian rhythm is becoming more important from this perspective
Definition
an animal welfare perspective
Term
important for birds to establish...
Definition
circadian rhythms
Term
3 aspects of light that need to be understood
Definition
-w'length (color)
-intensity (brightness)
-photoperiod (length of the day light period)
Term
photoperiod
Definition
length of the day light period
Term
scotoperiod
Definition
the darker part of the day
Term
"warm" light
Definition
tinged yellow
Term
shorter w'lengths, such as blue and green, stimulate...
Definition
growth
Term
longer w'lengths, such as red, stimulate...
Definition
-sexual maturation
-egg production
Term
gland in brain that can respond to light
Definition
pineal gland; has cells that can respond to light
Term
gland that influences sexual maturation and egg production
Definition
pineal gland
Term
w'lengths that artificial lights should emit
Definition
short and long w'lengths
Term
why red is the relevant color for sexual maturation and egg production
Definition
because it penetrates better
Term
some artificial lights that can emit short and long w'lengths
Definition
-incandescent
-triphosphor compact fluorescent
-LED
Term
should red light be used for pullets?
Definition
no
Term
bright lights stimulate...
Definition
activity
Term
light intensity you want for first few days after placement of pulets
Definition
10-40 lux
Term
1 fc = ______ lux
Definition
10
Term
______ fc = 10 lux
Definition
1
Term
what light of intensity 10-40 lux for first few days after placement does for pullets
Definition
-stimulates chicks to find feed and water
-facilitates imprinting (mediated visually)
-promotes group learning
Term
what you want the light intensity to be for the rest of the grow-out after the first few days after placement
Definition
5-10 lux
Term
why you want the light intensity to be 5-10 lux for the rest of the grow-out after the first few days after placement
Definition
-reducing cannibalism
-reducing feather pecking
Term
light intensity needed for feeding and growth
Definition
minimum 2 lux
Term
what happens if the light intensity is less than 2 lux?
Definition
less feeding and growth
Term
in a layer house, everything is geared for...
Definition
flock uniformity
Term
how long you want the light period to be when the pullet first arrives
Definition
20-23 hours
Term
why you want long photoperiods when the pullets first arrive
Definition
to encourage eating and drinking
Term
what a short dark period is helpful for
Definition
-helpful to accustom chicks to regular dark period
-helps set internal rhythms for rest and activity
Term
photoperiod influences...
Definition
the timing of sexual maturity
Term
effect of shorter photoperiods on sexual maturity
Definition
delay sexual maturity
Term
effect of longer photoperiods on sexual maturity
Definition
stimulate sexual maturity
Term
photoperiod for pullets when they first arrive
Definition
about 22-23 hours
Term
photoperiod for pullets when they're full grown
Definition
about 12 hours
Term
why do we need artificial light when growing laying hen pullets?
Definition
because the needed photoperiod doesn't always sync with the naturally occuring daylength
Term
why vaccination prgrams are important for layers
Definition
because of how long they live
Term
how vaccine for LT is administered
Definition
eyedrop vaccine
Term
how vaccine for fowl pox is administered
Definition
wing web
Term
how vaccines for IDB, Newcastle, and infectious bronchitis are administered
Definition
via drinkers
Term
when most of the mortality occurs in a well-managed, healthy flock
Definition
first week
Term
what causes most of the mortality in the first week in a well-managed, healthy flock?
Definition
starve out
Term
some things that cause excessive early mortality
Definition
-mismanagement at hatchery
-improper transportation
-improper brooding
Term
mortality rate in U.S. commercial pullet flocks
Definition
mortality from all causes is about 7% to 20 wks
Term
why most of the mortality in a well-managed, healthy flock is in the first week
Definition
something to do with shipping
Term
some behavioral problems that can happen with laying hens
Definition
-feather pecking
-cannibalism
Term
what causes chickens to peck at each other?
Definition
may be redirected foraging behavior
Term
what can happen in some breeds if feather pecking is left untreated?
Definition
30-40% mortality
Term
one behavioral reason the Hy-Line W-36 is a popular lAying bird
Definition
very little pecking-related mortality
Term
most common ways to reduce problems due to beak-related behavior
Definition
-light intensity reduction
-beak trimming
Term
why beak trimming is a more appropriate term than debeaking
Definition
because it's not removing the entire beak
Term
how reducing light intensity reduces pecking-related problems
Definition
-reduces stimulus sailence
-reduces overall activity
Term
how far can lights be dimmed?
Definition
5 lux
Term
salience
Definition
the quality of being particularly noticeable or important; prominence.
Term
rationale for beak trimming
Definition
feather pecking and cannibalism can be serious behavior problems
Term
when feather pecking and cannibalism occur in pullets
Definition
early
Term
what cannibalism typically involves in pullets
Definition
vent pecking or pecking at tail base
Term
what beak trimming does
Definition
cuts off the sharp tip
Term
what beak trimming reduces
Definition
the damage incurred by pecking
Term
how beak trimming reduces the damage incurred by pecking
Definition
if it doesn't puncture skin, it has no temptation to continue it
Term
2 ways pullets can be be trimmed
Definition
-hot blade
-infrared
Term
when pullets are beak trimmed using hot blades
Definition
day 1-10
Term
when pullets are beak trimmed using infrared
Definition
day 1 at hatchery
Term
something that may happen after beak trimming
Definition
beak regrowth
Term
when to retrim the beak
Definition
5-8 wks
Term
why beak trimming is bad from the welfare perspective
Definition
-chronic pain
-growth depression
Term
why there can be chronic pain after beak trimming
Definition
neuromas in beak stub
Term
neuromas
Definition
clusters of neurons that can cause phantom sensations and such
Term
cross-section of a beak
Definition
[image]
contains neurons and blood vessels and such; it's not like a fingernail
Term
how beak trimming affects mortality
Definition
usually reduces mortality
Term
how beak trimming affects feather scores in pullets
Definition
increases feather scores (higher feather score means better plumage condition)
Term
how beak trimming affects plumage condition in pullets
Definition
beak trimming leads to better plumage condition
Term
size of egg complexes
Definition
can be very large, often with millions of birds
Term
what does an egg company want in a Poultry Science graduate?
Definition
-Common sense
-Creativity
+Good at solving problems
-Can work with people
-Doesn’t mind working
-Got to get into the chicken house
+Don’t get comfortable in the office
-Oh yes... Book knowledge is important too.
Term
SEXUAL MATURATION IS INFLUENCED BY...
Definition
-body weight
-age
-lighting program
Term
how body weight influences sexual maturation
Definition
predisposition to mature once certain size is reached
Term
how age influences sexual maturation
Definition
the older, the harder to keep out of production regardless of weight
Term
how lighting program influences sexual maturation
Definition
-increasing photoperiods stimulate maturation
-decreasing photoperiods inhibit maturation
Term
effect of long photoperiod on maturation
Definition
stimulates it
Term
effect of short photoperiod on maturation
Definition
inhibits it
Term
in pullet management, you keep the photoperiod low until...
Definition
it's time to mature them
Term
age vs. effect of photostimulation
Definition
the older the hen, the quicker it lays its first egg after being photostimulated
Term
age at lighting vs. egg size
Definition
the older the hen, the heavier the egg laid after lighting
Term
how time of maturation and size of hen affects egg laying
Definition
LATER MATURING, LARGER PULLETS TEND TO LAY LARGER, BUT FEWER EGGS
Term
SELECT BODY WEIGHT AND AGE AT WHICH TO PHOTOSTIMULATE BASED ON...
Definition
PRODUCTION OBJECTIVES
Term
how the photoperiod changes for a laying hen
Definition
starts at 12 hrs at wk 18 and ends at 16 from wks 31-65
Term
when pubertal growth spurt starts
Definition
2-3 wks before first egg
Term
where half the growth is when the hen undergoes the pubertal growth spurt
Definition
reproductive tract
Term
when medullary bone develops
Definition
2 wks before first egg
Term
purpose for medullary bone
Definition
Calcium reserve for egg shell formation
Term
what a hen needs to consume for medullary bone development
Definition
Ca
Term
amount of growth that occurs during first laying cycle
Definition
Grow by 1/4-1/3 initial weight, including pubertal growth spurt
Term
the requirement for this type of energy increases when the hen becomes bigger
Definition
maintemence energy
Term
Hens eat amounts of food in accordance to...
Definition
their energy requirements
Term
the phenomenon feed formulation revolves around
Definition
Hens eat amounts of food in accordance to their energy requirements
Term
how flock uniformity benefits feed formulation
Definition
more uniform flock makes it easier to meed feed formulation requirements
Term
phase feeding
Definition
DELIVERY OF DAILY REQUIREMENT FOR PROTEIN BASED ON KNOWLEDGE OF METABOLIC DEMAND AND FEED CONSUMPTION
Term
why there's a lower protein requirement in older hens
Definition
because older hen has higher maintenance energy requirement
Term
Calcium metabolism is influenced by...
Definition
-egg production
-phosphorous metabolism
-vitamin D metabolism
Term
Calcium absorption from the digestive tract vs. age
Definition
Calcium absorption from the digestive tract declines with age
Term
the goal of feeding
Definition
to feed a certain amount of calcium per day
Term
Minimum calcium levels recommended for layer rations
Definition
~3.9% - 4.4% calcium (various ages and normal feed consumption)
Term
amount of Ca in an egg
Definition
about 2g
Term
amount of Ca in a hen's skeleton that goes to the egg
Definition
about 10% of the Ca in a hen's skeleton
Term
where the medullary bone is
Definition
Inside axial and limb bones
Term
what the medullary bone does
Definition
Stores calcium; releases it when egg shell is formed
Term
what structural bone does for medlluary bone
Definition
Structural bone will decalcify to supply medullary bone
Term
what causes osteoperosis and cage layer fatigue in laying hens?
Definition
decalcification of structural bone to supply medullary bone
Term
EFFECT OF CALCIUM LEVEL ON EGG PRODUCTION AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Definition
higher % Ca in ration leads to more eggs and higher specific gravity per egg
Term
EFFECT OF CALCIUM LEVEL ON BONE STRENGTH
Definition
higher % Ca in ration leads to stronger bones
Term
when pullets need increased calcium in diet...
Definition
about 2 weeks before first egg
Term
amount of Ca in pre-lay diet
Definition
2.5-3% Ca
Term
when the pre-lay diet begins
Definition
at photostimulation or when combs begin to “bloom”
Term
pre-lay diet supports...
Definition
medullary bone formation
Term
amount of Ca in layer diet
Definition
4%+ Ca
Term
when the layer diet starts
Definition
onset of production
Term
the light layers should get
Definition
a broad spectrum of wavelengths
Term
w'lengths that help support growth
Definition
blue and green
Term
what blue and green w'lengths do for layers
Definition
help support growth
Term
w'lengths that help support egg production
Definition
red and orange
Term
what red and orange w'lengths do for layers
Definition
support egg production
Term
why you want uniform light distribution
Definition
so that all the birds get the same photostimulatory effect
Term
light intensity vs. egg production
Definition
inversely related
Term
the light intensity most egg companies use
Definition
10+ lux
Term
Provide ______ lux to support good production
Definition
5-50
Term
Provide 5-50 lux to support ______
Definition
good production
Term
what lower light intensity may do for laying hens
Definition
decrease production
Term
what higher light intensity may do for laying hens
Definition
increase behavioral problems such as cannibalism, feather pecking, and nervousness
Term
some behavioral problems that can be associated with higher light intensity
Definition
-cannibalism
-feather pecking
-nervousness
Term
laying hen system where behavioral problems such as cannibalism, feather pecking, and nervousness seem to be a bigger problem
Definition
cage free
Term
how layer house should be evenly lighted
Definition
-Minimize bright areas and shadows.
-Many low power bulbs over the aisles.
Term
minimize this when trying to evenly light a house
Definition
-bright areas
-shadows
Term
how to arrange bulbs when trying to evenly light a layer house
Definition
Many low power bulbs over the aisles
Term
when lighting a house, you want the dimmest area to be...
Definition
10 lux
Term
the goal of lighting a layer house
Definition
Dimmest area at 10 lux
Term
why you want the dimmest area in a laying house at 10 lux
Definition
Accommodate intensity reduction due to dirt on lights and decline in light output
Term
cost effective lights that can be used for layer houses
Definition
compact fluorescents
Term
details about compact fluorescents in layer houses
Definition
-20,000 hours in poultry house.
-50-69 lumens per watt
Term
disadvantage of incandescent lights
Definition
produce lots of heat
Term
disadvantages of LED's
Definition
-expensive
-still to be proven
Term
how panting hinders egg production
Definition
when the bird pants, it expels more CO2 such that there's less available C for formation of egg shell, which is made of CaCO3
Term
how light is distributed in a typical lighting program
Definition
14h light and 10h dark
Term
how light is distributed in an intermittent lighting program
Definition
15 min light and 45 min dark
Term
how light is distributed in a midnight lighting program
Definition
14h light and some light interrupting the dark
Term
how light is distributed in an Ahemeral lighting program
Definition
14h light and 14h dark
Term
what cages do for layers
Definition
-fix the location of the hens
-make the site of egg laying predictable.
-Minimize labor in egg collection.
-eliminate floor laying eliminated
-divide population into small groups
-Separate hens from manure.
-impose behavioral constraints on hens
Term
why it might be good to separate laying hens into small groups
Definition
-Minimize adverse effects of hysteria.
-Eliminate piling (can't pile in a cage)
Term
nowadays, this seems to trump everything else
Definition
the "natural" thing
Term
picture of a semi-stair step cage system
Definition
[image]
Term
where the manure goes in a semi-stair step cage system
Definition
under it, in what seems to be a lower floor
Term
picture of a stacked cage system
Definition
[image]
Term
what happens to the manure in a stacked cage system
Definition
it is removed on belts between levels (manure removal belts)
Term
the more modern system for laying hens
Definition
stacked cage system
Term
where the manure goes in a stacked cage system layer house
Definition
Manure stored in shed attached to the end of the layer house

goes from Drop-down at end of cage row to conveypr to shad where it's dropped from ceiling
Term
the amount of feeder space hens need
Definition
about 4 inches per hen
Term
disadvantage of more cage space per hen
Definition
fewer producing units per area
Term
effects of greater space allowance per hen on performance
Definition
seem to have lower FCR, but less productive
Term
how enriched cages benefit laying hens
Definition
allow them to express natural behaviors
Term
amount of space per bird in enriched cages
Definition
124-144 in2 per bird
Term
depiction of an enriched cage
Definition
[image]
Term
advantages of enriched cages
Definition
-More space per bird
-Nesting area
-Perches
-Scratch/Dust-bathing area
Term
some types of companies that have pledged to go with cage-free eggs in order from greatest to least
Definition
1: grocery store and restaurant
2: food merchandising
3: hotels & travel
4: food service
Term
how excessive heat affects appetite
Definition
depresses appetite
Term
how excessive heat affects feed formulation
Definition
may make it difficult to formulate rations to provide adequate nutrient amounts
Term
what heat stress does to eggs production
Definition
reduces egg size, shell quality, and ultimately egg production
Term
temp vs. feed consumption
Definition
inversely related
Term
temp vs. egg size
Definition
inversely related
Term
some ways to increase egg size
Definition
-Reduce house temperature to increase nutrient consumption
-Increase nutrient density of diet.
Term
some ways to decrease egg size
Definition
-Increase house temperature
-dilute diet
Term
how protein consumption could affect egg size
Definition
protein consumption could affect yolk size which could affect egg size
Term
temp and diet young hens are often raised with
Definition
Young hens often kept cool, with nutrient-rich diet.
Term
temp and diet old hens are often raised with
Definition
Old hens often kept warm, with low protein diet.
Term
which hens tend to lay larger eggs? older or younger?
Definition
older
Term
types of tunnel ventilation used in layer houses
Definition
-bi-directional
-uni-directional
Term
disadvantage of bi-directional tunnel ventilation
Definition
limits how wide a house can get; bigger means longer in this case
Term
the type of tunnel ventilation used more often in laying houses
Definition
uni-directional
Term
age of hen vs. production performance
Definition
tends to go down as hen gets older
Term
age of flock vs. % shell cracks
Definition
older tends to have more shell cracks
Term
age of flock vs. SG of egg
Definition
older tends to have lower SG
Term
why older hens tend to produce eggs with lower SG
Definition
seems to be due to lower egg shell density
Term
some things that happen as a hen's production cycle continues
Definition
-Declining production
-Poorer feed conversion
-Increased egg loss
-Reduced interior quality
Term
2 things that can be done to improve flock performance
Definition
-replace flock
-molt flock
Term
one way to improve flock performance that's done in many parts of the world and is becoming more common in the U.S.
Definition
replacing the flock
Term
molt
Definition
the loss and replacement of feathers
Term
what molt can do for a flock
Definition
it can rejuvenate the productive performance of a flock
Term
why it makes economic sense to molt a flock
Definition
because it improves quality at minimal expense
Term
why laying hens are molted
Definition
to rejuvenate eggs
Term
effect of molt on Haugh unit
Definition
slightly increases it
Term
effect of molt on shell thickness
Definition
increases it
Term
Haugh Unit is a function of...
Definition
albumen height and egg weight
Term
effect of molt on production performance
Definition
improves it
Term
effect of molt on egg production
Definition
slightly increases it
Term
one of the drawbacks of a young flock
Definition
lower egg weight
Term
when induced molting is beneficial
Definition
when profit margins on egg sales are low
Term
where molting a flock is rare
Definition
Canada and other parts of the world
Term
some practical methods of molt induction
Definition
feed or nutrient restriction
Term
UEP
Definition
United Egg Producers
Term
how the industry likes to molt flocks
Definition
Industry used (uses?) various schedules of feed withdrawal to 25-35% body weight loss, followed by a rest period before restimulation of egg production.
Term
Stages of an Induced Molt Program
Definition
-termination of lay
-rest
-resumption of lay
Term
the goal of termination of lay in an induced molt program
Definition
Goal is to get hens out of production and cause regression of ovary and oviduct
Term
how lay is terminated in an induced molt program
Definition
-Restrict nutrition. E.g., low energy, low calcium, low sodium, unbalanced protein.
-Reduce photoperiod (~ 8 h light)
-Warm house.
Term
why reduced photoperiod is used for termination of lay in an induced molt program
Definition
because shortened photoperiod kinda destimulates the reproductive system
Term
length of photoperiod when trying to terminate lay in an induced molt program
Definition
about 8 hours
Term
how hens are fed during the rest stage of an induced molt program
Definition
Feed enough to sustain hen but not enough to stimulate return to production (~2-3 weeks)
Term
how long hens are kept at rest during the rest stage of an induced molt program
Definition
about 2-3 wks
Term
when hens in an induced molt program are photostimulated to resume lay
Definition
day 21-28
Term
when the layer ration is restored in an induced molt program
Definition
about day 28
Term
when peak egg production occurs in an induced molt program
Definition
week 8-12
Term
how fasting affects the oviduct
Definition
[image]
Term
how fasting affects the ovary
Definition
[image]
Term
when should a flock be molted?
Definition
about 65-70 wks of age
Term
Important Factors in Molting a flock
Definition
-strain effects
-first cycle performance
-price differential for egg size
Term
how strain affects molting
Definition
Heavier breeds may require more severe programs (and are less likely to be molted)
Term
how first cycle performance affects molting
Definition
positive association between 1st and 2nd cycle production

bears an influence on the value of molting that flock
Term
how price differential for egg size affects molting
Definition
Large price difference between smaller (e.g., <57 g) and larger (>57 g) favor molting.
Term
does molting always pay?
Definition
no, not in all situations
Term
when it's better to go with single-cycle flock than to go with molting
Definition
when there's high profit margins
Term
when it's better to go with molting than to go with single-cycle flock
Definition
when there's small profit margin
Term
which program yields greater income/hen? 1-cycle or 2-cycle?
Definition
2-cycle
Term
The traditional feed withdrawal molt is perceived to cause...
Definition
excessive suffering
Term
which molting program leads to better egg production? feed withdrawal (FW) or non feed withdrawal (NFW)?
Definition
non-feed withdrawal (NFW), but only by a small margin
Term
which molting program leads to greater egg income? feed withdrawal (FW) or non feed withdrawal (NFW)?
Definition
non-feed withdrawal (NFW)
Term
which molting program leads to lower feed cost? feed withdrawal (FW) or non feed withdrawal (NFW)?
Definition
non-feed withdrawal (NFW)
Term
some UEP guidelines
Definition
-Feed source suitable for non-producing hens.
-Water available at all times.
-Light reduced to no fewer than 8 h/day, or natural day length. Return to normal layer program when hens placed back on layer diet.
-Weight loss should not compromise hen welfare in subsequent laying period.
-Mortality in molt period should not substantially exceed normal variations in flock mortality.
Term
schematic of egg flow in the egg industry (might wanna draw this)
Definition
[image]
Term
depiction of where eggs go in a laying facility (might wanna draw this)
Definition
[image]
Term
steps in shell egg processing
Definition
1: Washing
2: Sanitizing
3: Drying
4: Candling
5: Dirt detection
6: Check detection (cracks)
7: Weighing
8: Packaging
9: USDA Verification
10: Cooling
Term
things that are checked for in candling
Definition
-interior defects
-shell defects
-leakers
Term
in egg production, is candling automatic or not?
Definition
may or may not be
Term
in egg production, is dirt detection automatic or not?
Definition
automatic
Term
in egg production, is check/crack detection automatic or not?
Definition
automatic
Term
type of sanitizer often used in egg operations
Definition
UV
Term
the temp you want the water to be when washing an egg
Definition
at least 90 F, and at least 20 F higher than egg temp
Term
water temperature commonly used when washing eggs
Definition
100-115 F
Term
what happens when eggs are warmer than the wash water?
Definition
contraction of contents will draw water into eggs leading to risk of contamination.
Term
what happens when the water is colder than the eggs?
Definition
internal contents may contract
Term
which system produces warmer eggs? in-line or off-line?
Definition
in-line
Term
Thermal cracks
Definition
cracks that may occur in cooler if temperature difference with wash water is too great
Term
one way to prevent thermal cracks
Definition
keep difference less than 50 F
Term
what happens to the internal egg temperature during washing?
Definition
can rise 8-12 F
Term
why you don't want the contents of the egg to get too hot
Definition
because the warmer the contents of the eggs, the more easily bacteria and such can grow
Term
how eggs are washed
Definition
-Washed using spray jets, brushes and warm detergent solution.
-No immersion allowed.
Term
when eggs are washed, is the water recirculated?
Definition
yes
Term
when the wash water has to be completely changed
Definition
every 4 hours and after shift
Term
the best way to replace water used to wash eggs
Definition
Use continuous replacement water addition, preferably with overflow.
Term
the water that must be used when washing and sanitizing eggs
Definition
only potable water
Term
the level of iron you want in the water used to wash eggs
Definition
<2ppm
Term
why you want to keep the iron <2ppm in the water used to wash eggs
Definition
because higher levels can stimulate bacterial growth on membranes (including Salmonella enteritidis)
Term
Albumen is normally ______ in iron
Definition
deficient
Term
Albumen is normally deficient in ______
Definition
iron
Term
when treating eggs with detergent, you want the pH to be...
Definition
no less than 11
Term
why you want the pH to be no less than 11 when treating eggs with detergent
Definition
because pH 11 or above is unfavorable to bacteria
Term
how pH affects salmonella
Definition
Salmonella sensitivity to heat increases as pH goes above 10
Term
spray rinse eggs with...
Definition
higher temperature water and approved sanitizer (100-200 ppm available chlorine or equiv.)
Term
some commonly used sanitizers
Definition
-sodium hypochlorite (NaClO)
-also Quat. Ammonium
Term
type of light that can be used as a sanitizer
Definition
UV
Term
why sunlight might be a good sanitizer
Definition
UV content
Term
some things done to eggs after washing and sanitizing
Definition
-Blow dry.
-treating it with oil (optional)
Term
what oil does for an egg
Definition
Slows CO2 and moisture loss (preserves interior quality)
Term
what happens to leakers?
Definition
they are broken and taken out of the product stream
Term
what happens to eggs with interior defects?
Definition
they are removed
Term
some things eggs must pass thru during processing
Definition
-Dirt and leaker detection
-Crack detector
Term
which eggs are easier to candle? white or brown?
Definition
white
Term
what happens to stained and dirty eggs?
Definition
rewash
Term
which eggs need to be rewashed?
Definition
stained and dirty
Term
eggs that need to be sent to egg breaker
Definition
-B-shell
-cracked with membranes intact
Term
what happens to eggs that have B-shells and those that have cracks, but intact membranes?
Definition
sent to egg breaker
Term
things that may make an egg's shell B-grade
Definition
-misshapen
-thin shell
-body check
-calcium deposit
Term
eggs that are considered inedible
Definition
-those with interior defects
-leakers
Term
interior defects that can occur in eggs
Definition
blood and meat spots
Term
what happens to eggs that are considered inedible (leakers and those with blood and meat spots)?
Definition
sent to renderer
Term
some new developments for detection of egg defects
Definition
-visual imaging
-sound resonance
Term
how visual imaging can be used in the egg industry
Definition
-detecting dirt and leaker
-detecting interior defects
Term
how sound resonance can be used in the egg industry
Definition
check detection
Term
why machines may be advantageous in egg inspection
Definition
because they allow processing volumes that exceed human ability to manage
Term
egg grade by weight (I don't know whether or not I'll have to memorize this.)
Definition
[image]
Term
USDA Regs. allow individual eggs to be different than grade (within limits) as long as...
Definition
the package is at grade weight or better.
Term
amount of cracks USDA allows
Definition
7%
Term
amount of leakers USDA allows
Definition
no leakers
Term
the temp eggs must be stored at
Definition
no higher than 45F
Term
when eggs must be placed into cold storage
Definition
36h after lay
Term
why eggs must be stored at temperature must be no higher than 45 F beginning 36 h after lay
Definition
To control Salmonella enteritidis (SE).
Term
something unique about Salmonella enteritidis (SE) compared to other strains of Salmonella
Definition
this strain seems to be able to go systemic in the chicken and be transmitted to the egg
Term
why storing eggs no higher than 45 F beginning 36 h after lay is useful against Salmonella enteritidis (SE)
Definition
because holding eggs at < 45 F reduces heat resistance of SE (easier to kill when cooking) and inhibits SE growth in egg during storage
Term
it can take this long to cool eggs in the center of a pallet (30 case) to 45F.
Definition
a week or more
Term
material eggs are often packaged in
Definition
-flats
-cardboard box
Term
effect of flats and cardboard boxes on cooling
Definition
inhibits it
Term
optimal bacterial growing temps
Definition
above 45F
Term
optimal bacterial growing temps may last this long after processing
Definition
24-72h
Term
optimal bacterial growing temps during cold storage are exacerbated by...
Definition
in-line processing and temp. elevation during processing
Term
things that can improve cooling of eggs considerably
Definition
-Forced air cooling
-planned air flow pattern
-vented cases (5% of case wall area)
Term
salmonella outbreaks often go back to...
Definition
eggs
Term
what the end goal of some animal welfare groups seems to be
Definition
getting rid of animal protein
Term
amount of Americans directly involved in agriculture
Definition
less than 2%
Term
how most people seem to be regarding where their food comes from
Definition
most people seem to be fundamentally ignorant of how their food is produced
Term
some farm and ranch issues that seem to be due to the uninformed and disengaged
Definition
-animal welfare
-food safety
-environment
Term
one reason some people are concerned about the environment
Definition
fear of polluting ourselves out of existence
Term
why food is kinda free in the U.S.
Definition
because in the U.S., less than 10% of household income is spent on food
Term
do consumers understand farming and ranching?
Definition
no
Term
one way activists push the animal welfare thing
Definition
by masquerading as consumers
Term
the targets of activists
Definition
Restaurant retailers
Term
do restaurant retailers make money feeding the poor?
Definition
no
Term
the effect of Snap decisions made by retail groups have on society
Definition
lasting effects on society
Term
what a restaurant has to sell
Definition
basically has to sell a brand
Term
do people trust scientists today?
Definition
it seems that many people no longer trust scientists
Term
how animal welfare seems to be a mental state
Definition
Duncan and Petherick say, "Our thesis is that animal welfare is dependent solely on the mental, psychological, and cognitive needs of the animals concerned.”
Term
we have to observe ______ and such to get an understanding of the mental state of the animal
Definition
behavior
Term
we have to observe behavior and such to get an understanding of ______
Definition
the mental state of the animal
Term
the U.S. population's consensus of animal welfare as a moral issue
Definition
-Chickens can suffer.
-The behavioral needs of an animal must be met to ensure its welfare
Term
broadly shared value about animal welfare as a moral issue
Definition
Humans have moral responsibility to take good care of poultry flocks
Term
why people think humans have moral responsibility to take good care of poultry flocks
Definition
this develops from the notion of these chickens being moral entities in themselves
Term
where the poultry industry gets its animal welfare guidelines
Definition
Developed with input from scientific experts and poultry veterinarians
Term
U.S. poultry industry guidelines for animal welfare
Definition
-All have auditing components.
-Intended for company use, but variously have provision for third-party auditing.
+UEP offers animal care certification program.
-Do not necessarily engage all companies.
-Programs are available on association websites.
Term
subjects of animal welfare guidelines for the National Chicken Council
Definition
-education, training, and planning
-hatchery
-nutrition and feeding
-comfort and shelter
-health care
-most normal behavior
-farm best practices
-catching and transportation
-processing
-breeder operations
Term
to attain animal welfare, you need to tend to...
Definition
all the issues
Term
What can animal welfare guidelines/audits accomplish?
Definition
Animal Welfare Assurance for Consumers
Term
how Animal Welfare Assurance for Consumers can be accomplished
Definition
-Provision of resources and environment
-Process control
-Direct assessment of bird well-being
Term
some things that are examined when provisioning resources and environment
Definition
-Feed
-water
-space
-ventilation
-back-up generator
-etc.
Term
some things that are kept record of in process control
Definition
-temperature
-air quality
-mortality
-culls
Term
some things that are examined when doing a direct assessment of bird well-being
Definition
-Gait scores
-foot condition
-uniformity
-scratches
-eye condition
-health
-bodily injury
Term
some things that can be accomplished by an animal welfare audit
Definition
-Provision of resources and environment
-Process control
-Direct assessment of bird well-being
Term
the question when assessing bird well-being
Definition
are the birds in good condition?
Term
some problems that can occur with commercial layers
Definition
-cobwebs
-dirty
-faulty light intensity
-too many birds per cage
-basically faulty management
Term
cages that seem to be best from the animal welfare perspective
Definition
enriched cages
Term
why enriched cages seem to be best from the animal welfare perspective
Definition
these enriched cages provide for behavioral needs and have more space
Term
some issues that occur with cage-free egg production
Definition
-air quality issues
-pecking
-cannibalism
Term
what happens if you don't beak trim?
Definition
natural behavior of the bird becomes a problem
-feather pecking
-cannibalism
Term
a danger with beak trimming
Definition
could cause chronic pain if done wrong and at the wrong time
Term
some bone problems that can happen in commercial layers
Definition
-osteoporosis
-cage layer fatigue
-bone breakage during handling
Term
which catching method seems to lead to the fewest bone breaks in laying hens? commercial crew or non-commercial catch?
Definition
non-commercial catch
Term
something that can reduce the risk of osteoporosis
Definition
exercise
Term
what are the husbandry systems use for laying hens?
Definition
-battery cage
-free range
-perchery
Term
which husbandry system for laying hens seems to cause the fewest broken bones? battery cage, free range, or perchery
Definition
perchery
Term
which husbandry system for laying hens seems to cause the most broken bones? battery cage, free range, or perchery
Definition
battery cage
Term
which husbandry system for laying hens seems to cause the fewest old breaks healed? battery cage, free range, or perchery
Definition
battery cage
Term
which husbandry system for laying hens seems to cause the most old breaks healed? battery cage, free range, or perchery
Definition
perchery
Term
what happens to spent hens?
Definition
they are caught and sent to renderers
Term
why catching spent hens is harder than catching broilers
Definition
because hens harder than broilers to put in hole and such
Term
how spent hens are killed
Definition
Modified Atmosphere Killing on the farm
Term
Modified Atmosphere Killing on the farm
Definition
killing by carbon dioxide, which is seen as a more humane way to kill on farm if need be
Term
some types of problems that can occur with broiler breeder operations
Definition
-Beak trimming, toe clipping, dubbing
-Feed restriction for weight control
-Undersized males added when spiking
-Sex-separate feeding method
Term
why beak trimming, toe clipping, and dubbing don't look good from the animal welfare perspective
Definition
Mutilation to get around problems in the social environment
Term
types of feed restriction used in broiler breeder operations
Definition
-Skip-a-Day
-Daily Limited
Term
why it might be a problem to add undersized males in a breeder operation
Definition
because undersized males might have a hard time in breeder operations
Term
a method of sex-separate feeding that doesn't look good from the animal welfare perspective
Definition
Noz bones
Term
some types of issues that can occur with broilers
Definition
-living environment quality
-litter quality
-stocking density
-metabolic disorders
-lighting
-disease/infection
Term
some issues with living environment quality that can occur with broilers
Definition
-heat
-ammonia
Term
some issues with litter quality that can occur with broilers
Definition
-wet
-caked
-foot pad dermatitis
Term
some issues with stocking density that can occur with broilers
Definition
-activity
-leg problems
-mortality
Term
some metabolic disorders that can occur with broilers
Definition
-ascites
-leg problems/walking ability
Term
some issues with lighting that can occur with broilers
Definition
-photoperiod
-intensity
Term
some issues with disease/infection that can occur with broilers
Definition
-Air saculitis
-IP
-Gangrenous dermatitis
-LT
-etc.
Term
density vs. % gait score
Definition
seem to be inversely related
Term
some gait scoring criteria (not sure whether or not this will be on the test)
Definition
[image]
Term
photoperiod at which body weight of a hen tends to be greatest
Definition
20h
Term
photoperiod that seems to lead to the best feed efficiency
Definition
I think 20h
Term
photoperiod that seems to lead to the greatest mortality
Definition
23h for 7-32 and 7-39 days
20 h for 49 days
Term
some problems that seem to be worse with longer photoperiods
Definition
-metabolic scores
-skeletal disorders
-gait scores
-heavier eye weight
Term
issues that can happen when catching chickens
Definition
-Poor placement of birds in the cage (broiler might not be able to get on its feet if placed on its back)
-Rough Handling
Term
some handling-related causes of DOA
Definition
-lung injury
-liver trauma
-head trauma
-leg dislocation
-suffocation
Term
some problems that can occur when transporting broilers
Definition
-poor equipment
-Injured or suffocated birds
-Escaped birds on highway
Term
some Catching/Live Haul Problems
Definition
-Poor placement of birds in the cage (broiler might not be able to get on its feet if placed on its back)
-Rough Handling
-poor equipment
-Injured or suffocated birds
-Escaped birds on highway
-thermal stress
-Pre-departure thermal stress
-Weather protection during transport
Term
some things related to thermal stress that can stress birds
Definition
-dehydrating
-overheating
Term
Temperature issues evident during catch and pre-departure of broilers
Definition
-loss of evaporative cooling
-crowding
-trailer scheduling
Term
something that might be used to get around the problem of heat stress that occurs when live-hauling broilers
Definition
fan trailers
Term
effect of fan trailer on live-haul of broilers
Definition
seems to lower temperature on the way to processing plant
Term
problem with weather design during transport of broilers
Definition
cumbersome design
Term
problems with design of trailer used to transport broilers
Definition
cumbersome
-Side panels are hard to install or remove quickly.
-Over-heating or chilling due to sudden changes in weather cause spikes in DOA.
Term
some problems that can happen with dumping in processing plants
Definition
-Dump process is rough and loud. Not unusual for equipment to be worn and out of adjustment (injure birds).
-Causes broilers to pile up and struggle, causing Heat stress and injury.
Term
some problems that can happen with shackling in processing plants
Definition
Shackling by humans causes fear, struggle, leg pain, and sometimes injury.
Term
how stunner in a processing plant needs to be maintained
Definition
Stunner needs constant monitoring to ensure proper adjustment
Term
some concerns with stunning in a processing plant
Definition
-Pre-stun shock.
-Missed stun. (conscious neck cut; chance of a conscious bird entering the scalder)
-Some think low current may immobilize but not stun broilers
Term
conclusion about the current method of broiler processing
Definition
The current dumping-shackling-electrical stunning process is a dinosaur.
Term
why the current dumping-shackling-electrical stunning process is a dinosaur
Definition
because of the overall impact of the process on the birds
Term
the type of killing animal advocacy groups are pushing for broilers
Definition
controlled-atmosphere stun/killsystems
Term
LAPS
Definition
Low Atmosphere Pressure Stunning
Term
a type of killing endorsed by the American Humane Society
Definition
Techno-Catch LAPS System
Term
disadvantage of Techno-Catch LAPS System
Definition
might have an effect on the breast muscles
Term
five freedoms of animal welfare
Definition
1. Freedom from hunger and thirst
2. Freedom from discomfort
3. Freedom from pain, injury, or disease
4. Freedom to express normal behavior
5. Freedom from fear and distress
Term
core value for Tyson
Definition
Serve as stewards of animals, land, and environment
Term
the animal well-being program is part of...
Definition
overall commitment to sustainability
Term
animal welfare dealt with by the office of...
Definition
Animal Well-Being
Term
these have to be acknowledged when it comes to animal welfare
Definition
the Five Fredoms
Term
FarmCheck Program
Definition
3’rd party animal welfare audits
Term
Perdue Food's commitments to animal welfare
Definition
1. Production systems based on “Five Freedoms”.
2. Build closer relationships with farmers who raise Perdue chickens.
3. Be transparent and build lasting relationships with stakeholders.
Term
how Perdue tries to adhere to the 5 freedoms
Definition
Beyond just ‘needs’ of chickens to include what they ‘want’.
Term
how Perdue tries to be transparent and build lasting relationships with stakeholders
Definition
by including animal welfare advocates, academics, animal industry experts.
Term
some environmental issues at hand
Definition
-Water
-Air
-Heavy metal
-Hormones
-Overfertilization
-Etc...
Term
some factors other than environmental issues that can affect the poultry industry
Definition
-Industry c’tration
-Urban sprawl
-Media attention
-Public pressure
Term
a type of rxn gthat can happen as a result of public pressure and media attention
Definition
Knee-jerk rxn
Term
how ag is viewed regarding the environment
Definition
Ag viewed as industrial polluter
Term
Public perception of agriculture can be negatively influenced by...
Definition
just a few “bad actors”
Term
how many broilers are produced in GA?
Definition
1.4 billion
Term
how much chicken litter is produced in GA?
Definition
1.5 million tons
Term
some land application principles
Definition
-All crops can potentially benefit from poultry litter
-Plants need inorganic nutrients
Term
other than fertilizing, organic fertilizer can help...
Definition
build soil
Term
some manure nutrient issues
Definition
-Not too easy to evenly spread chicken litter because of consistency of the material
-Variability of nutrient content
-Land availability for manure application is on the decline
-Nitrogen-based manure usage can lead to soil phosphorus build-up
-Improper application can result in water soluble nutrients and soil bound minerals contributing to water quality degradation.
+Nitrogen, in the form of nitrate can cause human health risks from ground water.
+Phosphorus can cause degradation (Eutrophication) of surface water streams and lakes.
Term
not too easy to evenly spread chicken litter because of...
Definition
consistency of content
Term
issue with manure content
Definition
variability
Term
how eutrophication occurs
Definition
Excess P can accelerate growth of environmental ecosystems
Term
bad effect of eutrophication
Definition
Decaying flesh can deprive the water of oxygen
Term
some legislation about water quality
Definition
-Clean water act of 1972
-Water quality act of 1987
-National water quality inventory
-Clean water action plan
Term
what the Clean water act of 1972 entails
Definition
-Point source focus
-CAFO guidelines and permits
Term
what the Clean Water Action Plan entails
Definition
-Total maximum daily load requirements (TMDL’s)
-1999 Unified National Strategy for AFO
Term
TMDL’s
Definition
Total maximum daily load requirements
Term
an important question when it comes to poultry and the environment
Definition
How do we utilize production residuals in an appropriate manner?
Term
Nutrient management planning
Definition
-Nutrient accountability
-Matching nutrient application with nutrient need
-Nutrient cycling
-“Water Control”
-Basically nutrient accountability
Term
NMP
Definition
Nutrient management planning
Term
Key components of nutrient management planning (NMP)
Definition
-Nutrient generation assessments
-Crops that will use them
-Diverting clean water from storage and such
-Soil and litter analysis
-Completion of field nutrient budgets
-Appropriate storage and land application
-Site-specific conservation & erosion control
-Proper dead bird disposal
-Record keeping of management practices
Term
Assess on-farm nutrient generation of...
Definition
nutrients
Term
The most important number when assessing on-farm generation of nutrients
Definition
probably nutrient value
Term
important to know this about soil
Definition
fertility status
Term
a technique for testing broiler litter
Definition
Broiler litter sampling
Term
The nutrient in manure that helps growth
Definition
N
Term
Adjust application of manure based on...
Definition
ingredients and such
Term
how N-P-K-Ca values are expressed
Definition
lbs/ton basis
Term
some nutrients that are measured in manure
Definition
N-P-K-Ca
Term
a way to test soil
Definition
soil samples
Term
some important things when calibrating spreader equipment
Definition
-good management
-regulations
Term
why lane spacing and uniformity are important when applying manure
Definition
because you want the nutrients to be as even spread as possible
Term
some ways to store manure
Definition
-Covered stockpile
-Stockpiles with ground liners
-Bunker-type storage structures
-Permanent storage structures
Term
why you want to store manure in a covered stockpile
Definition
to keep storm water out of manure
Term
amount of N plants need vs. amount of P
Definition
Most plants need 2-3 times as much N as they do P
Term
what can happen if there's too much P?
Definition
If there’s too much P, that can result in ground water pollution and such
Term
some things that are important if you want application of manure to be productive
Definition
-Timing of application
-liming effect?
-weeds
Term
how to prevent weeds if you're using manure
Definition
make sure there's no weed seeds in manure as removed from the rearing houses
Term
which type of fertilizers lead to more weeds? organic or commercial?
Definition
organic
Term
problem with soil you want to prevent
Definition
erosion
Term
P pollution linked to this problem with soil
Definition
soil erosion
Term
______ pollution linked to soil erosion
Definition
P
Term
how prevention of soil benefits water
Definition
protects surface and ground water
Term
one way to keep water clean
Definition
by diverting clean water from production and litter storage
Term
which type of pollution is more restrictive? point source or non-point source?
Definition
point source
Term
something you must keep record of with chicken litter
Definition
-Annual litter production
-Soil & litter analysis
-Field application record
-Litter transfer record
Term
some dead bird disposal considerations
Definition
-Approved methods
-Biosecurity
-Backup systems
-Catastrophic loss contingency plan
Term
Methods for disposal of dead birds
Definition
-Incineration
-Burial pit
-Rendering
-Acid fermentation
-NaOH digestion
-Gators
-Composting
Term
what you need in terms of emergency mortality disposal
Definition
plans for disposal of potential mass mortality
Term
some potential plans for disposal of potential mass mortality
Definition
-Site approval for burial
-Equipment and materials needed for composted
Term
mortality composter profile
Definition
Chicken litter can be used as the C source, something like that
Term
Flies and other insects and such can’t survive this temp
Definition
115F
Term
a type of composting
Definition
In-house composting
Term
what composting can do to viruses
Definition
deactivate them
Term
you gotta make sure compost goes thru...
Definition
heat process
Term
compost for stable...
Definition
soil ammendments
Term
money we can get for manure vs. distance we can haul it
Definition
directly related
Term
something that can be made from composting or manure
Definition
some biofuels
Term
something chicken litter can be used for other than fertilizer
Definition
feeding cattle
Term
why chicken litter can be used to feed cattle
Definition
because cattle have digestive system such that they can convert the N into protein
Term
Litter baling
Definition
Basically wrapping bales of litter
Term
type of merchandising that can be used for chicken poop
Definition
Niche market merchandising
Term
example of niche market merchandising for chicken poop
Definition
Garden pets literally made of chicken poop! Dissolves and fertilizes crops
Term
The future of manure management?
Definition
In 10 years, we could be more regulated and such
Term
some fallacies in the public perception of ag
Definition
-Ag viewed as industrial polluter
-“Image is Everything”
-“Perception is Reality”
Term
manure is made of...
Definition
Undigested leftover
Term
some volatile compounds that can be found in manure
Definition
-Volatile organic compounds
-VFA
Term
some nutrients that can be founnd in manure
Definition
-Micro-nutrients
-Nitrogen
-Phosphorus
-Potassium
Term
some historic uses of manure
Definition
-Fertilizer
-Fire
Term
Traditional land application of manure
Definition
For centuries animal manure has been used to as a source of plant nutrients and as a soil builder
Term
what manure has been used as for centuries
Definition
-source of plant nutrients
-soil builder
Term
what happened to nutrients in farms before modernization?
Definition
they got recycled
Term
how nutrients were cycled in farms before modernization
Definition
[image]
Term
the state of nutrient cycling in modern farm systems
Definition
unbalanced
Term
how nutrients are cycled in modern farm systems
Definition
[image]
Term
pros and cons of organic and inorganic fertilizers
Definition
[image]
Term
what's happening to the amount of land available for manure application?
Definition
on the decline
Term
problem in soil that can happen if manure is N-based
Definition
Nitrogen-based manure usage can lead to soil phosphorus build-up
Term
what can happen if manure is not applied properly?
Definition
water soluble nutrients and soil bound minerals contributing to water quality degradation
Term
water problem that can occur with N
Definition
Nitrogen, in the form of nitrate can cause human health risks from ground water.
Term
water problem that can occur with P
Definition
Phosphorus can cause degradation (Eutrophication) of surface water streams and lakes.
Term
emphasis of the Water Quality Act of 1987
Definition
Non-point source emphasis
Term
National water quality inventory- 1998
Definition
-40% of waters too polluted for fishing/swimming
-60% of pollution in rivers/streams from Ag
-45% of pollution in lakes from Ag
Term
CAFO Permitting
Definition
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Permit Regulations and Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
Term
some things to be considered when you have production residuals
Definition
-Manure
-Wastewater
-Mortality
Term
you need to know this about the manure you use
Definition
you need to know the fertilizer value of manure to amend soil to optimum production levels
Term
Forms of Nitrogen in Poultry Manure
Definition
-Resistant Organic Nitrogen
-Mineralizable Organic Nitrogen
-Inorganic Nitrogen
Term
when sampling soil, divide large fields according to obviously different...
Definition
-soil types
-management
-drainage
-crop productivity
-slope
-erosion
Term
How to collect soil
Definition
-sample it
-composite 10-20 samples
-put it in 1-pint soil test bag
Term
goals of calibrating spreader equipment
Definition
-Determine application rate
-Determine the effective swath width
-Determine the uniformity of distribution
Term
swath width
Definition
how far apart each pass should be
Term
the goal of manure storage
Definition
to keep storm water out of manure
Term
when N availability from poultry litter is greatest and most predictable
Definition
when incorporated into the soil
Term
this is not an option for disposal of dead birds
Definition
pile of dead birds out in the open
Term
the most common methods of mortality disposal
Definition
-Burial
-composting
-incineration
Term
importance of emergency disposal information and action plan
Definition
it's an important component of NMP
Term
some details about in-house composting
Definition
-Provides highest level of biosecurity
-Equipment needed normally found on farm
-Treats carcasses and infected litter
-Limits farm-to-farm disease transmission
-Limits risks of groundwater & air pollution
-Limits public concerns and disease exposure
-Concerns: house design, sufficient carbon material, layout time, final disposition of product
Term
Summary NMP checklist
Definition
-Annual manure production estimate
-Soil and litter analysis
-Crop nutrient requirements
-Aerial photos
-Nutrient budget worksheet
-Litter utilization & application record
-Litter removal record
Term
Summary of Good Management Practices
Definition
-Proper manure and litter sampling for accurate analysis
-Cover litter during storage to maintain nutrient content and prevent leaching.
-Avoid excessive applications of organic fertilizer.
-Time applications appropriately. Apply litter when it will be utilized by the crop.
-Incorporate applications into the soil where possible.
-Do not apply litter to steep slopes or during periods prone to erosion and runoff.
-Document the amounts and contents of material applied.
-Use filter strips or buffer zones between fields and nearby streams.
Term
The alternative use of poultry litter is often limited by...
Definition
-Contaminants
-High moisture content
-Bulk density
-Uniformity
-Transportation and handling costs
-High initial startup costs
Term
Value can be added to litter by...
Definition
further processing
Term
Do this during storage to maintain nutrient content and prevent leaching.
Definition
Cover litter
Term
why you want to cover litter during storage
Definition
to maintain nutrient content and prevent leaching
Term
when to apply litter
Definition
when it will be utilized by the crop
Term
when and where to not apply litter
Definition
Do not apply litter to steep slopes or during periods prone to erosion and runoff.
Term
one strategy to protect water from litter post-application
Definition
Use filter strips or buffer zones between fields and nearby streams.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!