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POUL 3720 Exam 1 Material from Lecture
POUL 3720 Exam 1 Material from Lecture
58
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
02/01/2018

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Term
Breeding
Definition
selecting the best animals
Term
Mendel crossbred...
Definition
peas
Term
Trait (character)
Definition
Whatever we can consistently observe or measure in a living organism
Term
All the crosses Mendel did were with...
Definition
monohybrids
Term
Monohybrid cross
Definition
A cross between genotypes (pure-lines) that is homozygous for alternative alleles of the same gene
Term
Phenotype
Definition
physical characteristics of a trait
Term
Genotype
Definition
the genetic composition of an individual
Term
If a population differs by only 1 trait, it’s a ______ population
Definition
monohybrid
Term
If a population differs by 2 traits, it’s a ______ population
Definition
dihybrid
Term
Mendel crossed ______ and ______ peas
Definition
yellow
green
Term
F1 (first filial) generation
Definition
the offspring of the cross of the parent (P) generation
Term
F2 (second filial) generation
Definition
offspring of the F1 (first filial) generation
Term
the trait shown in the F1 (first filial) generation
Definition
all dominant
Term
the traits shown in the F2 (second filial) generation
Definition
3/4 dominant and 1/4 recessive
Term
what happens to the genes in meiosis?
Definition
half of the genome from each parent gets transmitted to each gamete
Term
allele
Definition
a version of a gene
Term
the similarity of our genes
Definition
We all have pretty much the same genes
Term
what happens when there's a dominant and a recessive allele present?
Definition
the dominant gets expressed
Term
when the recessive allele gets expressed
Definition
only when there’s 2 recessive’s present
Term
Homozygote
Definition
contains 2 dominant or 2 recessive
Term
Heterozygote
Definition
contains 1 dominant and 1 recessive
Term
Mendel’s law of segregation
Definition
Members of each pair of alleles separate from each other when an individual forms germ cells or gametes
Term
when segregation happens
Definition
meiosis
Term
A gene carries...
Definition
genetic info
Term
Gene
Definition
basic unit of inheritance
Term
Gene consists of...
Definition
string of DNA
Term
Every gene is located...
Definition
on a specific location on a specific chromosome
Term
Locus
Definition
the location of a gene on a chromosome
Term
The number of chromosomes for each species is...
Definition
fixed
Term
does size of organism have anything to do with number of chromosomes?
Definition
no
Term
Chicken has ______ pairs of chromosomes
Definition
39
Term
the sex chromosomes in humans
Definition
XY and XX, male and female respectively
Term
the sex chromosomes in chickens
Definition
ZZ and ZW, male and female respectively
Term
Dihybrid cross deals with...
Definition
2 traits
Term
No matter how many genotypes you have, you gotta look at it like this
Definition
from the one locus point of view
Term
the phenotypic ratio we seem to obtain in monohybrid crosses
Definition
1:2:1
Term
the phenotypic ratio we seem to obtain in dihybrid crosses
Definition
9:3:3:1
Term
when the thing with phenotypic ratios is true
Definition
only when you have complete dominance at each locus
Term
Mendel’s 2nd law
Definition
the law of independent assortment, which says that Segregation of genes at one locus does not influence the segregation of genes at another locus
Term
the law of independent assortment
Definition
basically says that Segregation of genes at one locus does not influence the segregation of genes at another locus
Term
do this for each allele
Definition
find a notation for it
Term
other than phenotypic ratios, produce these
Definition
genotypic ratios
Term
epistasis
Definition
what happens between 2+ loci
Term
some comb types in chickens
Definition
-pea
-rose
-single
-walnut
Term
recessive epistasis
Definition
when 2 copies of the recessive allele at one locus silences the effect of the alleles at another locus
Term
dominant epistasis
Definition
the dominant allele at one locus silences the effect of the alleles at another locus
Term
complementary epistasis
Definition
one dominant allele at both loci is needed for something to be expressed
Term
test cross
Definition
when you cross a homozygous recessive with an unknown
Term
back cross
Definition
crossing an animal with one of its parents
Term
chi-square
Definition
used to determine whether or not a population is in balance
Term
the hypothesis you use when doing a chi-square test
Definition
null hypothesis (H0)
Term
Hardy-Weinberg e'librium works in absence of...
Definition
1: selection
2: mutation
3: drift
4: migration

in absence of these, allele frequency remains constant
Term
mutation
Definition
change in DNA sequence
Term
how mutation changes allele frequncy
Definition
by creating new alleles
Term
dominance
Definition
interaction of alleles within a locus
Term
some degrees of dominance
Definition
1: complete
2: incomplete
3: codominance or no dominance
4: overdominance
5: underdominance
Term
population to toss out
Definition
population that's not in e'librium
Term
when to reject null hypothesis
Definition
when X2cal > X2table
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