Term
| Grashey is most likely ordered by the doctor to display what feature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AP oblique projections/RPO or LPO positions of the shoulder are also known as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the CR for the Grashey Method? |
|
Definition
| scapulohumeral joint (approximately 2 in medial and 2 in inferior to the superolateral border of the shoulder) |
|
|
Term
| For a superoinferior axial projection of the shoulder, where is the CR centered and how much degree does it have? |
|
Definition
| It should be centered on the shoulder joint with a 5 - 15 degree angle toward the elbow |
|
|
Term
| When would you increase the angle of a superoinferior axial projection? |
|
Definition
| You would increase the angle if the pt. cannot extend the shoulder over the IR. |
|
|
Term
| For a Fuchs C-Spine, what is your SID? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a Fuchs C-Spine, what is your angle? |
|
Definition
| 0 degrees/vertical, unless it is a trauma pt. |
|
|
Term
| For a Fuchs C-spine, approximately where does the CR enter? |
|
Definition
| It enters the neck on the midsagittal plane just distal to the tip of the chin. |
|
|
Term
| For a Fuchs C-spine, you must extend the chin until the tip of the chin and the tips of the _______ _________ are perpendicular to the IR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collimate _x_ in. for a Fuchs C-spine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Fuchs C-spine x-ray mainly shows what? |
|
Definition
| The entire dens within the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| A __ in. SID is used for an open-mouth AP projection of C-spine to increase the field of view of the odontoid area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the open-mouth AP C-spine, what plane should be perpendicular to the IR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an open-mouth AP C-spine, where should the CR be directed? |
|
Definition
| The midpoint of the open mouth |
|
|
Term
| On an open-mouth AP C-spine, the x-ray should be collimated _x_ in. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for a Fuchs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for an open-mouth C-spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for a lateral (Grandy) C-spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for an axial oblique C-spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for a lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (Swimmer's)? |
|
Definition
80 kVp @ 50 mAs
or
80 kVp @ 120 mAs (for darker images) |
|
|
Term
| The ________ plane should be perpendicular to the IR in the AP axial C-spine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an AP axial C-spine, the CR should be directed where and at what angle? |
|
Definition
| The CR should be directed at C4 with a cephalad angle of 15°-20°. |
|
|
Term
| How should you collimate for an AP axial C-spine? |
|
Definition
| Collimate 10 inches lengthwise and 1 inch beyond the skin shadow on the sides. |
|
|
Term
| What cervical and thoracic bodies should be shown on an AP axial C-spine? |
|
Definition
| The lower five cervical bodies and the upper two or three thoracic bodies should be shown. |
|
|
Term
| For an AP axial C-spine, the SID should be how many inches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SID for a lateral C-spine (Grandy Method) should be how many inches? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should the CR be directed for a lateral C-spine (Grandy Method) and at how many degrees? |
|
Definition
| The CR should be perpendicular (0 degrees), and centered at C4. |
|
|
Term
| What respiration do you use for a lateral C-spine (Grandy Method)? |
|
Definition
| Suspend at the end of full expiration |
|
|
Term
| For an AP axial Oblique C-spine, what should the SID be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where should the CR be directed for an AP axial oblique C-spine? Where should the middle of the IR be centered? |
|
Definition
CR - directed at C4 with a cephalad angle of 15 - 20 degrees.
IR - centered approximatley 1 in. superior to the most prominent point of thyroid cartilage (C3). |
|
|
Term
| Collimate _x_ in. on an AP axial oblique C-spine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The SID for a Swimmer's should be what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the pt. cannot depress the shoulders enough for a Swimmer's, angle the tube 3 - 5 degrees ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a Swimmer's, the CR should be directed to the C7 - T1 interspace which is approximately where? How much angle should be used. |
|
Definition
| It should be directed just above the shoulder. No angle is necessary. |
|
|
Term
| On a Swimmer's, collimate _x_ in. Close collimation is important on this projection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an AP projection of the T-Spine, why would you let the pt's head rest directly on the table or on a thin pillow? |
|
Definition
| To avoid accentuating thoracic kyphosis |
|
|
Term
| In the AP supine projection of the T-Spine, what parts of the body can you flex to reduce kyphosis? |
|
Definition
| The hips and knees should be flexed (tip: immobilize feet w/ sandbags) |
|
|
Term
| In an AP projection of the T-Spine, how far above the shoulders should the superior edge of the IR be placed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should the respiration be for an AP projection of a T-Spine? |
|
Definition
| Slow, shallow breaths or supspended respiration at the end of full expiration |
|
|
Term
| Where should the CR be centered for an AP projection of the T-Spine? |
|
Definition
| Half-way between the jugular notch and the xiphoid process (approximately T-7) |
|
|
Term
| How would you collimate for an AP projection of the T-Spine? |
|
Definition
| 7x17 inches for routine examination; 14x17 inches for full thorax image |
|
|
Term
| In a lateral projection of the T-Spine, why would you place a firm pillow under the pt's head? |
|
Definition
| To keep the long axis of the vertebral column horizontal |
|
|
Term
| On a lateral projection of the T-Spine, where should you place the top of the IR? |
|
Definition
| 1½ - 2 inches above the shoulders |
|
|
Term
| In a lateral projection of the T-Spine, why should the pt's knees be exactly superimposed? |
|
Definition
| In order to prevent rotation of the pelvis |
|
|
Term
| In a lateral projection of the T-Spine, why would you have the pt's arms situated at right angles to the long axis of the body? |
|
Definition
| In order to elevate the ribs enough to clear the intervertebral foramina |
|
|
Term
| In a lateral projection of the T-Spine, if you cannot place a radiolucent support sponge under the lower thoracic region to elevate it enough so that the spine is completely parallel with the IR, what would you do? |
|
Definition
| Angle the tube cephalad 15° for males and cephalad 10° for females |
|
|
Term
| What respiration instructions would you use for a lateral projection of the T-Spine? |
|
Definition
| Normal breathing (if the pt can do it without moving) or suspended |
|
|
Term
| In a lateral projection of a T-Spine, where is the CR centered? |
|
Definition
| The posterior half of the thorax at the level of T7 |
|
|
Term
| What does the lateral projection of the T-Spine show? (Intervertebral Foramina/Zygapophyseal Joints) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a AP or PA oblique T-Spine, the coronal plane should form an angle of __ degrees with the IR. |
|
Definition
| 70 (20 degrees rotated from the lateral position) |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiration for an AP or PA oblique T-Spine? |
|
Definition
| Suspend at the end of expiration |
|
|
Term
| Where should the CR be centered for an AP or PA oblique T-Spine? Does it require an angle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for an AP T-Spine? Give one for a male and for a female. |
|
Definition
Male: 80 kVp @ 12 mAs
Female 75 kVp @ 25 mAs |
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for a lateral T-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for an oblique T-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an oblique L-Spine, if the pedicle is anterior on the vertebral body, this means what? |
|
Definition
| The pt wasn't rotated enough |
|
|
Term
| For an oblique L-Spine, if the pedicle is posterior on the vertebral body, this means what? |
|
Definition
| The pt was rotated too much |
|
|
Term
| All L-Spine intervertebral foramina are at right angles to the midsagittal plane except __ which is slightly turned anteriorly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the recommended SID for an AP L-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an AP L-Spine, what would you have the pt do to reduce lumbar lordosis? |
|
Definition
| Flex the pt's hips and knees enough to place the back in firm contact w/ the table |
|
|
Term
| In an AP L-Spine, if you want to see the Lumbar spine and Sacrum, where do you center your CR? Is there an angle? |
|
Definition
| The level of the iliac crests (L4); no |
|
|
Term
| In an AP L-Spine, if you want to see the Lumbar spine only, where do you center your CR? Is there an angle? |
|
Definition
| 1.5 inches above the iliac crest (L3); no |
|
|
Term
| What type of respiration do you use for an AP L-Spine? |
|
Definition
| Suspend at the end of expiration |
|
|
Term
| How do you collimate for a routine AP L-Spine examination? |
|
Definition
| 8x17 inches (should be collimated to the lateral margin of the psoas muscles) |
|
|
Term
| For a lateral L-Spine, where is the CR centered? |
|
Definition
| The level of the iliac crests (L4)- for a 14x17; center 2 in. above the iliac crests for an 11x14 |
|
|
Term
| For a lateral L-Spine, how is the CR angled? |
|
Definition
1. If a suitable radiolucent support is placed under the pt's lower thorax so that the long axis of the spine is horizontal there is no angle.
2. If long axis of spine is not horizontal, then angle caudal 5 degrees for men and 8 degrees for women |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiration for a lateral L-Spine? |
|
Definition
| Suspend at the end of expiration |
|
|
Term
| What should be fully extended for a lateral spot L-Spine? |
|
Definition
| The pt's hips (if possible) |
|
|
Term
| For a lateral spot L-Spine, how is the CR angled? |
|
Definition
1. If a suitable radiolucent support is placed under the pt's lower thorax so that the long axis of the spine is horizontal there is no angle.
2. If long axis of spine is not horizontal, then angle caudal 5 degrees for men and 8 degrees for women |
|
|
Term
| What type of respiration do you use for a lateral spot L-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the CR centered for a lateral spot L-Spine? |
|
Definition
| On the coronal plane 2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 inches inferior to the iliac crest |
|
|
Term
| How would you collimate for a lateral spot L-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The plane of the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae forms an angle of __ to __ degrees to the midsagittal plane in most patients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the AP oblique L-Spine, the the lumbar spine lies in the longitudinal plane that passes 2 inches ______ to the elevated ASIS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A pt getting an AP oblique L-Spine will need to be rotated __ - __ degrees. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the respiration for an AP oblique L-Spine? |
|
Definition
| Suspend at the end of expiration |
|
|
Term
| Where do you center for an AP oblique L-Spine? |
|
Definition
| 2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS and 1.5 inches above the iliac crest (L3) |
|
|
Term
| Is there an angle on an AP oblique L-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you collimate for an AP oblique L-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for an AP L-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for an AP Oblique L-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for a Lateral L-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a good technique for a Spot Lateral L-Spine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What size IR would you use for the AP axial (Ferguson method) SI joints? |
|
Definition
| 8x10 in. or 10x12 in. (portrait) |
|
|
Term
| For the Ferguson method SI joints, how do you position the pt's limbs? |
|
Definition
| Extend the pt's lower limbs or abduct the pt's thighs |
|
|
Term
| What type of respiration is used for the Ferguson method SI joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the Ferguson method SI joints, where does the CR enter? How do you angle the tube? |
|
Definition
| The CR enters about 1.5 inches superior to the pubic symphysis on the midsagittal plane. Males = 30 degrees cephalad. Females = 35 degrees cephalad. |
|
|
Term
| How do you collimate for the Ferguson method SI joints? |
|
Definition
| Either collimate 8x10 or 10x12 |
|
|
Term
| For the PA axial projection of the SI joints, where does the CR enter? How do you angle the tube? |
|
Definition
| CR enters at the L4 spinous process. 35 degrees caudad for both males and females |
|
|
Term
| What size IR would you use for the AP oblique SI joint? |
|
Definition
| 8x10 or 10x12 inches (portrait) |
|
|
Term
| For an AP oblique SI joint, the LPO position shows which joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an AP oblique SI joint, the RPO position shows which joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a PA oblique SI joint, the RAO position shows which joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an PA oblique SI joint, the LAO position shows which joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much do you oblique the pt's body in an AP oblique SI joint projection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of respiration do you use in an AP oblique SI joint projection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the CR enter on an AP oblique SI joint projection? Is there an angle? |
|
Definition
| 1 inch medial to the elevated ASIS; there is no angle |
|
|
Term
| How would you collimate for an AP oblique SI joint projection? |
|
Definition
| Collimate 6x10 inches or 6x12 inches |
|
|
Term
| What size IR would you use for an AP axial sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What size IR would you use for an AP axial coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the respiration for an AP and PA axial sacrum or coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On an AP axial sacrum, where does the CR enter? Angulation? |
|
Definition
| The CR enters 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis at an angle of 15 degrees cephalad. |
|
|
Term
| On an AP axial coccyx, where does the CR enter? Angulation? |
|
Definition
| The CR enters 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis at an angle of 10 degrees caudad. |
|
|
Term
| How do you collimate for an AP axial sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you collimate for an AP axial coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What size IR would you use for a lateral projection of the sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What size IR would you use for a lateral projection of the coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do you flex the hips and knees for a lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx? |
|
Definition
| Yes, flex the hips and knees to a comfortable position. |
|
|
Term
| For a lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx, what do you do to ensure that the long axis of the spine is horizontal and that the interiliac plane is perpendicular to the IR? |
|
Definition
| Place a support under the lower thorax to straighten up the spine. |
|
|
Term
| For a lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx, what respiration is used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a lateral projection of the sacrum, where does the CR enter? Angulation? |
|
Definition
| 3.5 inches posterior to the ASIS; perpendicular |
|
|
Term
| For a lateral projection of the coccyx, where does the CR enter? Angulation? |
|
Definition
| 3.5 inches posterior to the ASIS and 2 inches inferior; perpendicular |
|
|
Term
| How do you collimate for a lateral projection of the sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you collimate for a lateral projection of the coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for the AP axial SI joints (Ferguson method)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for the oblique SI joints? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for the AP/PA axial sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for the AP/PA axial coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for the lateral projection of the sacrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for the lateral projection of the coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for an RAO sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for a lateral Sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for the upper ribs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for the lower ribs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an average technique for oblique ribs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What size IR would you use for an RAO sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would your SID be for an RAO sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an RAO sternum, the average obliquity of the patient is __ to __ degrees. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For an RAO sternum, the IR should be placed __ inches above the jugular notch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the breathing instructions for an RAO sternum? |
|
Definition
1. When breathing motion is to be used, instruct the pt to take slow, shallow breaths during the exposure.
2. When a short exposure time is to be used, instruct the pt to suspend breathing at the end of expiration to obtain a more uniform density. |
|
|
Term
| Where is the CR directed on an RAO sternum? Is there an angle? |
|
Definition
| The CR enters the elevated side of the posterior thorax at the level of T7 and approximately 1 in. lateral to the midsagittal plane. The CR is perpendicular. |
|
|
Term
| How do you collimate for an RAO sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What SID would you use for a lateral sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a lateral sternum, the upper border of the IR should be __ inches above the jugular notch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the respiration for a lateral sternum? |
|
Definition
| Suspended deep inspiration. This provides sharper contrast between the posterior surface of the sternum and the adjacent structures. |
|
|
Term
| Where does the CR enter on a lateral sternum? Is there an angle? |
|
Definition
| The CR enters the lateral border of the mid-sternum. The CR is perpendicular. |
|
|
Term
| How would you collimate of a lateral sternum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What position should you use for upper ribs? |
|
Definition
| Standing or seated-upright because the diaphragm descends to its lowest level in the upright position. |
|
|
Term
| What position should you use for lower ribs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For a PA/AP projection of the upper ribs, where should the top of the IR be? |
|
Definition
| Approximately 1.5 in. above the upper border of the shoulders |
|
|
Term
| What respiration is used for the PA/AP projection of the upper ribs? |
|
Definition
| Suspend at full inspiration to depress the diaphragm as much as possible |
|
|
Term
| At what level does the CR enter for an upper ribs projection. Angulation? |
|
Definition
| The level of T7; no angle |
|
|
Term
| What is the respiration for lower ribs x-ray? |
|
Definition
| Suspend at full expiration to elevate the diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Where is the lower end of the IR positioned in a lower ribs x-ray? |
|
Definition
| At the level of the iliac crests |
|
|
Term
| How much do you oblique the body for PA/AP oblique ribs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the SID range for rib x-rays? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for an upright Swimmer's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for a recumbent Swimmer's? |
|
Definition
|
|
