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Positioning/Technique Study Guide
:) For Radiographic Procedures
148
Health Care
Not Applicable
01/08/2012

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Cards

Term
Grashey is most likely ordered by the doctor to display what feature?
Definition
Glenoid Cavity
Term
AP oblique projections/RPO or LPO positions of the shoulder are also known as:
Definition
Grashey Method
Term
Where is the CR for the Grashey Method?
Definition
scapulohumeral joint (approximately 2 in medial and 2 in inferior to the superolateral border of the shoulder)
Term
For a superoinferior axial projection of the shoulder, where is the CR centered and how much degree does it have?
Definition
It should be centered on the shoulder joint with a 5 - 15 degree angle toward the elbow
Term
When would you increase the angle of a superoinferior axial projection?
Definition
You would increase the angle if the pt. cannot extend the shoulder over the IR.
Term
For a Fuchs C-Spine, what is your SID?
Definition
40 in.
Term
For a Fuchs C-Spine, what is your angle?
Definition
0 degrees/vertical, unless it is a trauma pt.
Term
For a Fuchs C-spine, approximately where does the CR enter?
Definition
It enters the neck on the midsagittal plane just distal to the tip of the chin.
Term
For a Fuchs C-spine, you must extend the chin until the tip of the chin and the tips of the _______ _________ are perpendicular to the IR.
Definition
mastoid processes
Term
Collimate _x_ in. for a Fuchs C-spine.
Definition
5x5
Term
The Fuchs C-spine x-ray mainly shows what?
Definition
The entire dens within the foramen magnum
Term
A __ in. SID is used for an open-mouth AP projection of C-spine to increase the field of view of the odontoid area.
Definition
30 in.
Term
In the open-mouth AP C-spine, what plane should be perpendicular to the IR?
Definition
The occlusal plane
Term
For an open-mouth AP C-spine, where should the CR be directed?
Definition
The midpoint of the open mouth
Term
On an open-mouth AP C-spine, the x-ray should be collimated _x_ in.
Definition
5x5 in.
Term
What is a good technique for a Fuchs?
Definition
75 kVp @ 30 mAs
Term
What is a good technique for an open-mouth C-spine?
Definition
75 kVp @ 26 mAs
Term
What is a good technique for a lateral (Grandy) C-spine?
Definition
75 kVp @ 20 mAs
Term
What is a good technique for an axial oblique C-spine?
Definition
75 kVp @ 20 mAs
Term
What is a good technique for a lateral projection of the cervicothoracic region (Swimmer's)?
Definition

80 kVp @ 50 mAs

or

80 kVp @ 120 mAs (for darker images)

Term
The ________ plane should be perpendicular to the IR in the AP axial C-spine.
Definition
occlusal
Term
In an AP axial C-spine, the CR should be directed where and at what angle?
Definition
The CR should be directed at C4 with a cephalad angle of 15°-20°.
Term
How should you collimate for an AP axial C-spine?
Definition
Collimate 10 inches lengthwise and 1 inch beyond the skin shadow on the sides.
Term
What cervical and thoracic bodies should be shown on an AP axial C-spine?
Definition
The lower five cervical bodies and the upper two or three thoracic bodies should be shown.
Term
For an AP axial C-spine, the SID should be how many inches?
Definition
40 - 48 in. SID
Term
The SID for a lateral C-spine (Grandy Method) should be how many inches?
Definition
60- 72 inches SID
Term
Where should the CR be directed for a lateral C-spine (Grandy Method) and at how many degrees?
Definition
The CR should be perpendicular (0 degrees), and centered at C4.
Term
What respiration do you use for a lateral C-spine (Grandy Method)?
Definition
Suspend at the end of full expiration
Term
For an AP axial Oblique C-spine, what should the SID be?
Definition
60 - 72 in. SID
Term
Where should the CR be directed for an AP axial oblique C-spine? Where should the middle of the IR be centered?
Definition

CR - directed at C4 with a cephalad angle of 15 - 20 degrees.

IR - centered approximatley 1 in. superior to the most prominent point of thyroid cartilage (C3).

Term
Collimate _x_ in. on an AP axial oblique C-spine.
Definition
8x10 in.
Term
The SID for a Swimmer's should be what?
Definition
40 in. SID
Term
If the pt. cannot depress the shoulders enough for a Swimmer's, angle the tube 3 - 5 degrees ______.
Definition
caudal
Term
For a Swimmer's, the CR should be directed to the C7 - T1 interspace which is approximately where? How much angle should be used.
Definition
It should be directed just above the shoulder. No angle is necessary.
Term
On a Swimmer's, collimate _x_ in. Close collimation is important on this projection.
Definition
10x12 in.
Term
In an AP projection of the T-Spine, why would you let the pt's head rest directly on the table or on a thin pillow?
Definition
To avoid accentuating thoracic kyphosis
Term
In the AP supine projection of the T-Spine, what parts of the body can you flex to reduce kyphosis?
Definition
The hips and knees should be flexed (tip: immobilize feet w/ sandbags)
Term
In an AP projection of the T-Spine, how far above the shoulders should the superior edge of the IR be placed?
Definition
1½ to 2 inches
Term
What should the respiration be for an AP projection of a T-Spine?
Definition
Slow, shallow breaths or supspended respiration at the end of full expiration
Term
Where should the CR be centered for an AP projection of the T-Spine?
Definition
Half-way between the jugular notch and the xiphoid process (approximately T-7)
Term
How would you collimate for an AP projection of the T-Spine?
Definition
7x17 inches for routine examination; 14x17 inches for full thorax image
Term
In a lateral projection of the T-Spine, why would you place a firm pillow under the pt's head?
Definition
To keep the long axis of the vertebral column horizontal
Term
On a lateral projection of the T-Spine, where should you place the top of the IR?
Definition
1½ - 2 inches above the shoulders
Term
In a lateral projection of the T-Spine, why should the pt's knees be exactly superimposed?
Definition
In order to prevent rotation of the pelvis
Term
In a lateral projection of the T-Spine, why would you have the pt's arms situated at right angles to the long axis of the body?
Definition
In order to elevate the ribs enough to clear the intervertebral foramina
Term
In a lateral projection of the T-Spine, if you cannot place a radiolucent support sponge under the lower thoracic region to elevate it enough so that the spine is completely parallel with the IR, what would you do?
Definition
Angle the tube cephalad 15° for males and cephalad 10° for females
Term
What respiration instructions would you use for a lateral projection of the T-Spine?
Definition
Normal breathing (if the pt can do it without moving) or suspended
Term
In a lateral projection of a T-Spine, where is the CR centered?
Definition
The posterior half of the thorax at the level of T7
Term
What does the lateral projection of the T-Spine show? (Intervertebral Foramina/Zygapophyseal Joints)
Definition
Intervertebral Foramina
Term
In a AP or PA oblique T-Spine, the coronal plane should form an angle of __ degrees with the IR.
Definition
70 (20 degrees rotated from the lateral position)
Term
What is the respiration for an AP or PA oblique T-Spine?
Definition
Suspend at the end of expiration
Term
Where should the CR be centered for an AP or PA oblique T-Spine? Does it require an angle?
Definition
T7; perpendicular
Term
What is a good technique for an AP T-Spine? Give one for a male and for a female.
Definition

Male: 80 kVp @ 12 mAs

Female 75 kVp @ 25 mAs

Term
What is a good technique for a lateral T-Spine?
Definition
80 kVp @ 50 mAs
Term
What is a good technique for an oblique T-Spine?
Definition
80 kVp @ 26 mAs
Term
For an oblique L-Spine, if the pedicle is anterior on the vertebral body, this means what?
Definition
The pt wasn't rotated enough
Term
For an oblique L-Spine, if the pedicle is posterior on the vertebral body, this means what?
Definition
The pt was rotated too much
Term
All L-Spine intervertebral foramina are at right angles to the midsagittal plane except __ which is slightly turned anteriorly.
Definition
L5
Term
What is the recommended SID for an AP L-Spine?
Definition
48 in. SID
Term
In an AP L-Spine, what would you have the pt do to reduce lumbar lordosis?
Definition
Flex the pt's hips and knees enough to place the back in firm contact w/ the table
Term
In an AP L-Spine, if you want to see the Lumbar spine and Sacrum, where do you center your CR? Is there an angle?
Definition
The level of the iliac crests (L4); no
Term
In an AP L-Spine, if you want to see the Lumbar spine only, where do you center your CR? Is there an angle?
Definition
1.5 inches above the iliac crest (L3); no
Term
What type of respiration do you use for an AP L-Spine?
Definition
Suspend at the end of expiration
Term
How do you collimate for a routine AP L-Spine examination?
Definition
8x17 inches (should be collimated to the lateral margin of the psoas muscles)
Term
For a lateral L-Spine, where is the CR centered?
Definition
The level of the iliac crests (L4)- for a 14x17; center 2 in. above the iliac crests for an 11x14
Term
For a lateral L-Spine, how is the CR angled?
Definition
1. If a suitable radiolucent support is placed under the pt's lower thorax so that the long axis of the spine is horizontal there is no angle.
2. If long axis of spine is not horizontal, then angle caudal 5 degrees for men and 8 degrees for women
Term
What is the respiration for a lateral L-Spine?
Definition
Suspend at the end of expiration
Term
What should be fully extended for a lateral spot L-Spine?
Definition
The pt's hips (if possible)
Term
For a lateral spot L-Spine, how is the CR angled?
Definition
1. If a suitable radiolucent support is placed under the pt's lower thorax so that the long axis of the spine is horizontal there is no angle.
2. If long axis of spine is not horizontal, then angle caudal 5 degrees for men and 8 degrees for women
Term
What type of respiration do you use for a lateral spot L-Spine?
Definition
Suspended
Term
Where is the CR centered for a lateral spot L-Spine?
Definition
On the coronal plane 2 inches posterior to the ASIS and 1.5 inches inferior to the iliac crest
Term
How would you collimate for a lateral spot L-Spine?
Definition
6x8 inches
Term
The plane of the zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar vertebrae forms an angle of __ to __ degrees to the midsagittal plane in most patients.
Definition
30 to 60
Term
In the AP oblique L-Spine, the the lumbar spine lies in the longitudinal plane that passes 2 inches ______ to the elevated ASIS.
Definition
medial
Term
A pt getting an AP oblique L-Spine will need to be rotated __ - __ degrees.
Definition
45 - 60
Term
What is the respiration for an AP oblique L-Spine?
Definition
Suspend at the end of expiration
Term
Where do you center for an AP oblique L-Spine?
Definition
2 inches medial to the elevated ASIS and 1.5 inches above the iliac crest (L3)
Term
Is there an angle on an AP oblique L-Spine?
Definition
No
Term
How do you collimate for an AP oblique L-Spine?
Definition
9x14 inches
Term
What is a good technique for an AP L-Spine?
Definition
80 kVp @ 25 mAs
Term
What is a good technique for an AP Oblique L-Spine?
Definition
85 kVp @ 40 mAs
Term
What is a good technique for a Lateral L-Spine?
Definition
80 kVp @ 40 mAs
Term
What is a good technique for a Spot Lateral L-Spine?
Definition
90 kVp @ 80 mAs
Term
What size IR would you use for the AP axial (Ferguson method) SI joints?
Definition
8x10 in. or 10x12 in. (portrait)
Term
For the Ferguson method SI joints, how do you position the pt's limbs?
Definition
Extend the pt's lower limbs or abduct the pt's thighs
Term
What type of respiration is used for the Ferguson method SI joints?
Definition
Suspended
Term
For the Ferguson method SI joints, where does the CR enter? How do you angle the tube?
Definition
The CR enters about 1.5 inches superior to the pubic symphysis on the midsagittal plane. Males = 30 degrees cephalad. Females = 35 degrees cephalad.
Term
How do you collimate for the Ferguson method SI joints?
Definition
Either collimate 8x10 or 10x12
Term
For the PA axial projection of the SI joints, where does the CR enter? How do you angle the tube?
Definition
CR enters at the L4 spinous process. 35 degrees caudad for both males and females
Term
What size IR would you use for the AP oblique SI joint?
Definition
8x10 or 10x12 inches (portrait)
Term
For an AP oblique SI joint, the LPO position shows which joint?
Definition
The right joint
Term
For an AP oblique SI joint, the RPO position shows which joint?
Definition
The left joint
Term
For a PA oblique SI joint, the RAO position shows which joint?
Definition
The right joint
Term
For an PA oblique SI joint, the LAO position shows which joint?
Definition
The left joint
Term
How much do you oblique the pt's body in an AP oblique SI joint projection?
Definition
25 - 30 degrees
Term
What type of respiration do you use in an AP oblique SI joint projection?
Definition
Suspended
Term
Where does the CR enter on an AP oblique SI joint projection? Is there an angle?
Definition
1 inch medial to the elevated ASIS; there is no angle
Term
How would you collimate for an AP oblique SI joint projection?
Definition
Collimate 6x10 inches or 6x12 inches
Term
What size IR would you use for an AP axial sacrum?
Definition
10x12 inches (portrait)
Term
What size IR would you use for an AP axial coccyx?
Definition
8x10 inches (portrait)
Term
What is the respiration for an AP and PA axial sacrum or coccyx?
Definition
Suspended
Term
On an AP axial sacrum, where does the CR enter? Angulation?
Definition
The CR enters 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis at an angle of 15 degrees cephalad.
Term
On an AP axial coccyx, where does the CR enter? Angulation?
Definition
The CR enters 2 inches superior to the pubic symphysis at an angle of 10 degrees caudad.
Term
How do you collimate for an AP axial sacrum?
Definition
10x12 inches
Term
How do you collimate for an AP axial coccyx?
Definition
8x10 inches
Term
What size IR would you use for a lateral projection of the sacrum?
Definition
10x12 inches (portrait)
Term
What size IR would you use for a lateral projection of the coccyx?
Definition
8x10 inches (portrait)
Term
Do you flex the hips and knees for a lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx?
Definition
Yes, flex the hips and knees to a comfortable position.
Term
For a lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx, what do you do to ensure that the long axis of the spine is horizontal and that the interiliac plane is perpendicular to the IR?
Definition
Place a support under the lower thorax to straighten up the spine.
Term
For a lateral projection of the sacrum or coccyx, what respiration is used?
Definition
Suspended
Term
For a lateral projection of the sacrum, where does the CR enter? Angulation?
Definition
3.5 inches posterior to the ASIS; perpendicular
Term
For a lateral projection of the coccyx, where does the CR enter? Angulation?
Definition
3.5 inches posterior to the ASIS and 2 inches inferior; perpendicular
Term
How do you collimate for a lateral projection of the sacrum?
Definition
10x12 inches
Term
How do you collimate for a lateral projection of the coccyx?
Definition
6x8 inches
Term
What is an average technique for the AP axial SI joints (Ferguson method)?
Definition
85 kVp @ 10 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for the oblique SI joints?
Definition
85 kVp @ 12 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for the AP/PA axial sacrum?
Definition
80 kVp @ 15 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for the AP/PA axial coccyx?
Definition
80 kVp @ 15 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for the lateral projection of the sacrum?
Definition
90 kVp @ 55 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for the lateral projection of the coccyx?
Definition
80 kVp @ 70 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for an RAO sternum?
Definition
65 kVp @ 45 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for a lateral Sternum?
Definition
70 kVp @ 80 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for the upper ribs?
Definition
65-75 kVp @ 32 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for the lower ribs?
Definition
75-85 kVp @ 32 mAs
Term
What is an average technique for oblique ribs?
Definition
75 kVp @ 32 mAs
Term
What size IR would you use for an RAO sternum?
Definition
10x12
Term
What would your SID be for an RAO sternum?
Definition
30 - 40 in. SID
Term
For an RAO sternum, the average obliquity of the patient is __ to __ degrees.
Definition
15 to 20 degrees
Term
For an RAO sternum, the IR should be placed __ inches above the jugular notch.
Definition

1.5 in.

 

Term
What are the breathing instructions for an RAO sternum?
Definition

1. When breathing motion is to be used, instruct the pt to take slow, shallow breaths during the exposure.

2. When a short exposure time is to be used, instruct the pt to suspend breathing at the end of expiration to obtain a more uniform density.

Term
Where is the CR directed on an RAO sternum? Is there an angle?
Definition
The CR enters the elevated side of the posterior thorax at the level of T7 and approximately 1 in. lateral to the midsagittal plane. The CR is perpendicular.
Term
How do you collimate for an RAO sternum?
Definition
10x12 in.
Term
What SID would you use for a lateral sternum?
Definition
72 in. SID
Term
For a lateral sternum, the upper border of the IR should be __ inches above the jugular notch.
Definition
1.5 inches
Term
What is the respiration for a lateral sternum?
Definition
Suspended deep inspiration. This provides sharper contrast between the posterior surface of the sternum and the adjacent structures.
Term
Where does the CR enter on a lateral sternum? Is there an angle?
Definition
The CR enters the lateral border of the mid-sternum. The CR is perpendicular.
Term
How would you collimate of a lateral sternum?
Definition
10x12 inches
Term
What position should you use for upper ribs?
Definition
Standing or seated-upright because the diaphragm descends to its lowest level in the upright position.
Term
What position should you use for lower ribs?
Definition
supine
Term
For a PA/AP projection of the upper ribs, where should the top of the IR be?
Definition
Approximately 1.5 in. above the upper border of the shoulders
Term
What respiration is used for the PA/AP projection of the upper ribs?
Definition
Suspend at full inspiration to depress the diaphragm as much as possible
Term
At what level does the CR enter for an upper ribs projection. Angulation?
Definition
The level of T7; no angle
Term
What is the respiration for lower ribs x-ray?
Definition
Suspend at full expiration to elevate the diaphragm
Term
Where is the lower end of the IR positioned in a lower ribs x-ray?
Definition
At the level of the iliac crests
Term
How much do you oblique the body for PA/AP oblique ribs?
Definition
45 degrees
Term
What is the SID range for rib x-rays?
Definition
40 - 72 inches SID
Term
What is another name for an upright Swimmer's?
Definition
Twining
Term
What is another name for a recumbent Swimmer's?
Definition
Pawlow
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