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| Programs designed to enhance opportunities for groups that have suffered discrimination in the past. |
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| Restrictive laws that applied to newly freed slaves but not to whites. |
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| Brown v. Board of education topeka, Kansas |
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| 1954 Supreme Court decision declaring racial segregation in schools unconstitutional. |
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| A peaceful, well publicized violation of a law designed to dramatize that law's injustice. |
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| Specific rights that embody the general right to equal treatment under the law. |
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| Segregation that occurs as the result of decisions by private individuals. |
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| Racial segregation that is legally sanctioned. |
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Fourteenth amendment clause specifying that no state can deny any of its people equal protection under the law. |
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| Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) |
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| Proposed Amendment to the Constitution that banned gender discrimination. |
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| The invisible barrier that has limited women's opportunities for advancement to the highest ranks of politics, business, and the professions. |
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| Racialy restrictive provision of certain southern laws after Reconstruction, permitting a man to vote if his father or grandfather could have. |
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| Laws passed by southern states after Reconstruction, enforcing segregation. |
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| Civil rights organization, dating from 1909, that relied heavily on a legal strategy to pursue its objectives. |
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| Court decision declaring separate but equal public facilities constitutional. |
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| Fee one must pay in order to be allowed to vote. |
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| Specific number of positions set aside for a specific group; said by the Supreme Court to be unconstitutional. |
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| The singling out of certain people for suspicious behavior based on their race or ethnicity. |
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| Period after the Civil War when southern states were subject to a federal military presence. |
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Term
Restrictive housing covenant |
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| Legal promise by home buyers that they would not resell to an African American; enforcement declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court. |
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| Separate but equal doctrine |
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| Rule stating that the equal protection clause was not violated by segregation alone, provided that the separate facilities were equal. |
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| Rule stating that only the actions of state and local governments, not those of private individuals, must conform to the equal protection clause. |
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| Categorization of a particular group that will be closely scrutinized by the courts to se whether its use is unconstitutional. |
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| Primary elections, held by the Democratic party after Reconstruction, that in many southern states excluded nonwhites from participation. |
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