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Definition
| The process of permanently changing residence from one geographic location to another |
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| A person who makes a permanent change of residence substantial enough in distance to involve a shift in that individual’s round of social activities. |
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the number of “migrants” in a geographic area at a specific point in time
The number of people in a region who have migrated there from somewhere else.
-destination-based
-residual methods
- origin-based |
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| What immigrants do as they not only accept the outer trappings of the host culture, but also assume the behaviors and attitudes of the host culture (lose of original identity) |
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| Incorporating immigrants into the receiving society through the mechanism of mutual accommodation (fully participating in society but still have distinct identity) |
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| What are the major countries of immigration? What makes them attractive to migrants? |
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Definition
America, Canada, Germany.
- proximity to poorer countries
- social benefits, standard of living/development
- strong labor market
- existing migrant communities
- migration laws
- demographic factors
- low barriers to entry |
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| What are demographic consequences of immigration for the U.S.? |
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Definition
- substantial impact on total fertility
- immigrants lower mortality
- immigration has huge impact on U>S. POPULATION GROWTH, them their children, their grandchildren
- Increased age structure, creates pockets of certain populations** |
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| How have European, Hispanic, and Asian immigrants integrated into U.S. societies? |
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Definition
- yes the Europeans have integrated and assimilated to U.S. societies, celebrate American holidays and things like that…. Not old European norms
- Hispanics typically don’t assimilate, they hold tightly to their cultures and traditions |
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| a group of people who are related to each other by birth, marriage, or adoptions |
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| All of the people who occupy a housing unit |
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Term
| Second demographic transition: |
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Definition
“the increasing diversity in family and household structure occasioned by people
living longer with few children born, increasingly in urban settings, and subject to
higher standards of living”
- changing sexual, family, and household behaviors and structures that
accompany very low fertility |
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Definition
| a synthetic cohort estimate of the average number of children who would be born to each woman if the current age-specific birth rates remained constant |
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Definition
| The sharing of a household by unmarried people who have a sexual relationship |
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| Mean/median age at marriage |
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Definition
| Marriage is being delayed, and the mean/median age of people getting married is increasing |
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| Mean/median age at childbearing |
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Definition
| Childbearing years are also increasing, people are delaying having kids and focusing more on education and careers, pushing off have children |
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Definition
*is a political theory of the opportunities each individual has to improve his or her
quality of life
Examples:
- married people live longer than unmarried people
- women with more education have fewer children
- the children of immigrant mothers are less likely to dies as infants
- children of single mothers are more likely to live in poverty
* Life chances are about groups not individuals |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of countries that have undergone the Second Demographic Transition? |
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Definition
- changing sexual, family, and household behaviors and structures that accompany
very low fertility
-increase in divorce rates, increase in non-marital fertility
- marriage delayed, childbearing age delayed, higher rated of cohabitation |
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Term
| How do the characteristics of families and households in the U.S. vary by educational level? |
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Definition
| - the higher the education level, the fewer children , older age of childbearing, later years of marriage |
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| What are the consequences for children living with married versus cohabiting parents? |
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Definition
Advantages of having older, married parents
- decreased chances of divorce/instability
- parents have higher income/benefits
- parents have saved for child’s education
Disadvantages of having younger, unmarried parents
- unplanned pregnancies
- likely to experience multiple household disruptions
- less financial security |
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Term
| How do families and households reproduce inequality? |
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Definition
| REPRODUCTION OF INEQUALITY: bad life chances → single/young parenthood → cannot accumulate wealth → children experience instability → bad life chances |
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Term
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Definition
is a phenomenon that occurs when the median age of a country or region rises due
to rising life expectancy and/or declining birth rates.
- immigration tends to lower average age in the population
- emigration tends to raise it (national level effects tend to be small)
- increasing life expectancy → increasing number of old people
- lower fertility ALWAYS leads to higher proportions of old people in the population |
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Term
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Definition
The calculation of the number of people we can expect to be alive at a future date,
given the number now alive and given reasonable assumptions about age-specific
mortality and fertility rates and migration
(can’t tell you both size and composition of future population) |
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Term
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Definition
The ratio of people dependent age(0-14, 65+) to people of economically active
ages(15-64)
-(population 0-14)+ (population 65+)/ population 15-64 |
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| - average age of population |
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| - gvt program where people invest income to support themselves during retirement |
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Definition
| working people pay taxes retirement get it, is the practice in the United States of financing expenditures with funds that are currently available rather than borrowed. (pension plan) |
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Term
| How do fertility, mortality, and migration influence population aging? |
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Definition
- immigration tends to lower average age in the population
- emigration tends to raise it (national level effects tend to be small)
- increasing life expectancy → increasing number of old people
- lower fertility ALWAYS leads to higher proportions of old people in the population |
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Term
| What are the social consequences of population aging? |
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Definition
-However population ageing also increases some categories of expenditure, including some met from public finances. The largest area of expenditure in many countries is now health care, whose cost is likely to increase dramatically as populations age. This would present governments with hard choices between higher taxes, including a possible reweighing of tax from earnings to consumption, and a reduced government role in providing health care. However, recent studies in some countries demonstrate the dramatic rising costs of health care are more attributable to rising drug and doctor costs, and higher use of diagnostic testing by all age groups, and not by the ageing population as is often claimed
-The second-largest expenditure of most governments is education and these expenses will tend to fall with an ageing population, especially as fewer young people would probably continue into tertiary education as they would be in demand as part of the work force.
-Social security systems have also begun to experience problems. Earlier defined benefit pension systems are experiencing sustainability problems due to the increased longevity. The extension of the pension period was not paired with an extension of the active labor period or a rise in pension contributions, resulting in a decline of replacement ratios. In recent years, many countries have adopted policies to strengthen the financial sustainability of pension systems, although the challenges regarding pension adequacy remain |
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Definition
| and attitude, doctrine, or policy that favors a high birth rate |
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Definition
| gvts introducing contraceptives, education, etc |
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| A common measure of average income, calculated by dividing the total value of goods and servicers produced by total population size |
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The size of population that could theoretically be maintained indefinitely at a given
level of living with a given type of economic system |
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Definition
An improvement in agricultural production begun in the 1940s based on high-
yield-variety strains of grain and increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and
irrigation |
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Definition
the total are of productive land and water required to produce the resources for and
assimilate the waste from a given population |
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Term
| How did global population policy evolve between 1945 and 2000? |
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Definition
-1945-1970 global population was growing fast, concern for DEVELOPED countries.
-Post 1970: after developing countries began to get concerned about population
growth |
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Term
| What policy instruments have been successful at changing fertility behavior (either raising or lowering fertility)? What policies have been unsuccessful? |
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Definition
| Incentive programs in gvt (tax break) introduction to contraceptives and education programs. Coercive policies like china |
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Term
| Why do some people believe that decreasing the size of the human population is essential to our future? Why do others believe that overpopulation is a myth? |
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Definition
| too much population that would lead to overuse of the earths resources. Human ingenuity leads to development of food production etc. |
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Term
| Which scholars are most closely associated with the “boomster” and “doomster” views of population growth? |
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Definition
| Boomsters- Julian simon karl marx. Doomsters- Thomas Malthus, paul ehrlich |
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Term
What factors have led to increased food production in the 20th century?
Why are the major threats to the global environment? How are they influenced by population size and structure? |
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Definition
| Usually high industrialized societies emit more greenhouse gases. |
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