• CDR= (deaths in the year/population at midyear) X 1000 = # deaths/every 1,000 people

• Help them understand changing causes of death
• Stage 1: pestilence and famine (ex: influenze, pneumonia)
• famine relief
• improved diet
• Sanitation
• Water quality
• Stage 2: receding pandemics
• Public health sanitation
• Improved nutrition
• Hospital gains
• Stage 3: degenerative and man-made disease (heart disease, cancer, stroke)
• medical advances
• therapy development
• Stage 4: Hybristic and disease of old age (accidents, alcoholism, suicide, lifestyle issues like smoking and dieting)
• lifestyle changes
• diet, exercise
• Medical advances

• Extreme scarcity of food; floods, plant diseases
• Almost always takes place in rural and poor populations

• Death comes earlier to males than females on average due to lifestyle living

o   Spread via contact with body fluids

o   Epidemic

o   Spread through sex, mother to child birth, deliver, or breastfeeding, blood transfusions, unsterilized needs and surgical instruments

o   Sub-Saharan Africa 2/3 of population has it because men and women have more than one partner = much greater risk.

o   Declines life expectancy

• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
• (deaths in a year to people under 1 year old/live births in the year) X 1,000
• Black infant mortality is the highest of race/ethnic groups
• More modernized a country is, the lower it's IMR is

Heart Disease, Cancer, Stroke, Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases, Accidents, Diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, Influenza & Pneumonia

• The average number of years yet to be lived by people attaining a given age
• Factors:
• Accessibility to health care
• Race related genetic factors; death earlier to minorities of population
• sex differential (expectancies)

• Non developed
• dual burden of disease
• dealing with diseases of LDCs and MDCs
• poverty and inequality contribute to contracting disease and limited treatment
• Infectious disease and obesity
• underweight still a problem
• HIV/AIDS

• the maximum number of years a person can expect to live; the numerical age limit of human life
• factors
• cancer
• heart disease
• diabetes

• A statistical life table used for tracing the cumulative effect of a schedule of age/sex specific death rates over a life cycle for an imaginary set of people traced through a series of specified risks in order to detail the cumulative impact of those risks. (how long you and your age group can expect to live)

• The length of an individual life; collectively, an average length of life is a cohort (group of people born in the same year or period)

• causes mortality reversals- the increase in mortality after a country has experienced a decrease in mortality

• Mexican americans have death rate less than or equal to white americans
• data artifact