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| group of interacting individuals of one species in a particular location; they are dynamic:change over time |
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| easy for most large sexually reproducing animals (humans,dogs,cats); not so easy for fungi, animals and many plants, genet(appear as individual units above groud), ramet(group of interacting individuals) |
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| pando-the trembling giant |
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| clonal colony; massive underground root system; looks like many individuals |
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| population growth:why isnt the earth covered with giant puffballs? |
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| ecological maxim; something will limit population; no population can grow indefinitely |
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| what promotes/limits growth over time? |
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| summary of how survival/reproduction within a population vary across ages |
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| track a single group for lifetime; 500 newborns and every year u census how many survive to next year/reproductive rate |
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| take vital rates of individuals of diff ages at a particular instant in time; snapshot of whole population/vital rate |
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| based on age (mammals,stage(insects) OR size(sea fan)) |
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| fecundity and survivorship schedules, net reproductive rate, R0, intrinsic growth rate, r |
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| fecundity and survivorship schedules |
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| number of offspring in a lifetime |
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| entire population growth rate; more/less critical number; lambda=r |
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| how are life table data useful? |
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| gives a census of current pop number and structure; if above critical number, pop is high; allows us to make projections about future structure and growth rate |
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| what can we learn from life table data? |
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| sensitivity analysis-survivorship at diff stages (intrinsic growth rate), some stages more critical; age structure is imp |
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| pop currently existing; what stages should we be helping at? effect of diff stages on pop; focusing on a stage to help impact growth rate of entire population |
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| erickson et al-tyrannosaur |
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| remains from 20 individuals found buried together; analyzed at death through tooth wear and skeletal growth; past and current pop; survivorship curve |
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| typical repeated patterns; distinct; 3 types |
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| type 1 survivorship curve |
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| mammals with much parental care in a low risk environment; age/number of surv/dying of old age mostly |
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| type 2 survivorship curve |
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| rare-individuals of all ages have the same probability of dying |
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| type 3 survivorship curve |
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| species with many small and vulnerable young.thats y u have a lot and y u dont put effort into them |
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| age structure and growth model |
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| rapid growth-pyramid shape; zero growth-cone; negative growth-pretty even |
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| survivorship/fecundity key features of life history: 1-tracking survivorship data |
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| schedule and duration of key events in an organisms lifetime, shaped by natural selection; timing and how many offspring |
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| all adaptations of organisms that influence: reproduction, vital rates, sexual maturity |
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| opportunistic/equilibrial strategies; similar strategies; continuum |
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| r-selection (opportunistic) |
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| unstable environment, many offspring, density independent |
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| k-selection (equilibrial) |
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| stable environment, few offpsring (so more parental care), density dependent interactions |
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| small size of organism, energy used to make each indiv is low, many offspring are produced, early maturity, short life expectancy, each individual reproduces only once, type 3 survivorship pattern in which most of the indiv die within a short time but a few live much longer |
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| large size of organisms, energy used to make each indiv is high, few offspring produced,late maturity, often after along period of parental care, long life expectancy, individuals can reproduce more than once in their lifetime, type 1 or 2 survivorship pattern in which most indiv live near the maximum life span |
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| complicated example of life cycle |
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| eggs released into environment morph into miracidum |
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| snail incubator for miracidum which morph into swimming larvae (cercaria) |
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| cercaria infect frogs and form cysts |
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| frogs eaten by birds. cercaria develop into adults inside bird |
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| why would such a life cycle exist? |
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| evolution not always efficient; no "end goal" or "perfect" state |
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| exponential/geometric(growth without bounds); logistic(bounded growth); fluctuations (cycles and chaotic plans) |
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| occurs when conditions are favorable, generally not indefinite or when species arrive in new, unpopulated area by natural predators/competitors |
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| geometric/exponential growth |
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| depends on pop; r is continuous br; geometric results in j shaped set of points; exponential results in j shaped curve |
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| exponential decay=eventually extinct |
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| examples of exponential growth |
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| scots pine after the last ice age; whooping crane after federal protection began; rabbits in australia; zebra mussels in lake erie |
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| the higher density the pop is living in the more limitation |
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| density-dependent factors |
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| food,space,other resources |
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| density-independent factors |
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| drought and other weather fire catastrophe, abiotic |
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| if we add resource limitations |
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| geom/expon--short term behavior; logistic growth-common long term behavior; n=k pop reaches its carrying capacity |
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| initially exp growth and then stabilizes |
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| logistic growth; presence of rabbits prevents growth; rabbits removed; exp growth; willow reach k |
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| erratic(chaotic behavior) and deviations from pattern-looks like logistic (generally) bc environment isnt stable carrying capacity changes with environment |
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| alternating periods of high and low abundance at regular intervals (voles,lemmings) |
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| whats driving this pattern? predator maybe or cycling with prey. when predators removed-same cycle so it had nothing to do with predators anyway |
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| pop flux continues, high pop-really low pop; cycling mathematically stable, ecologically unstable; large amplitude cycling-pop crash; in general, small pop=fragile pop(extinction); stoucasticity-environmental noise can make pop fragile |
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| given a model for growth, how can you control the system to produce the best outcome? |
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| optimal outcome measured by a predetermined goal (minimize/maximize growth; minimize disease outbreak, maximize vaccine efficacy) |
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| use models; how can you maximize yield without expiration |
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| model to sustain max yield; single species model too simple; overapproximate; politicians with diff laws and fisherman freaking out in manner of years, the pop crashed, never recovered, economy destroyed |
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| for a given infectuous disease, 2 routes to permanent immunity-recovery of immunization; goal:to minimize the number of infectious persons and overall cost of vaccine |
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| how many people theyre likely to infect and what portion of pop do u need to vaccinate; measels-big R,0; small pox-small R,0 |
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| vaccinating against cholera in haiti |
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Definition
| is it cost effective? rescidivism(will get first dose but not 2nd).efficacy(60% effective,should be putting into infrastructure instead); who gets it? lack of infrastructure-how to optimize what u know about pop |
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