Term
| Why does sexual selection act mainly on males? |
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Definition
| Female fertility is biologically limited - number of eggs/children that can be born, whereas male fertility is increased by number of partners |
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Term
| What are the two methods of sexual selection? |
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Definition
Male competition
female choice |
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Term
| When does 'Fisher's runaway process" end? |
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Definition
| When the viability reduction matches the mating advantage |
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Term
| What is the good genes model of female choice? |
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Definition
A certain attribute indicates good offspring
Females prefer this attribute
begins runaway
Ends when no longer associated with good offspring |
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Term
| How can LD exacerbate Fishers runaway? |
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Definition
| LD between size (in males) and preference for size (in females), for example |
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Term
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Definition
Reduce relatedness
Slower offspring
Requires finding a mate
But
Rapid evolution
Deleterious mutations can be removed more easily |
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Term
| What is Muller's Ratchet? |
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Definition
| A model for a finite population with a reasonably high mutation rate, and no recombination. Without sex, there is no way of preventing accumulation of deleterious mutations |
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Term
| How do class 1 mobile elements move? |
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Definition
| via RNA - transcribed - sometimes translated, and then reverse transcribed and reintegrated |
|
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Term
| How do class 2 mobile elements work? |
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Definition
| Via DNA - vut and pasted or copy pasted |
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Term
| What are LINEs and SINEs? |
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Definition
| class 1 elements, SINEs are non autonomous and require proteins made by LINEs to move |
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Term
| How does the retroviral provirus move? |
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Definition
| The retroviral provirus has LTRs flanking it in the chromosome, alter translating and packaging (RNA) into the virus, the LTRs are reduced to just half on each side. The RNA inside the viral particle can then reverse transcribe into DNA (regenerates LTRs again) and integrate into the chromosome =provirus. The LTR-retrotransposons for the same thing but it never leaves the cell (is packaged into viral-like particle but not the actual viral particle). |
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Term
| What are the two main theories for the arise and spread of modern humans? |
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Definition
| Out of Africa, and multiregional - homo sapiens arose in multiple regions |
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Term
| What is the evidence for mitochondrial eve? |
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Definition
| Restriction mapping (cut up with endonucleases and map divergence) implies that common ancestral sequence existed 150,000-300,000 yafrom a single african female |
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Term
| What suggests that gemales migrate more frequently than males? |
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Definition
| Population specific variation (difference between pops) is greater in the Y chromosome than in mtDNA (neither undergo recombination) |
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Term
| What is the average amount of neanderthal DNA in modern humans, and how much Neanderthal DNA in total survived? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unknown archaic population |
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Term
| What did the denisovans split from? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does EPAS1 do in Tibetans? |
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Definition
| Alternate variant in the hypoxia pathway - reduces haemoglobin levels - at their altitude can cause strokes |
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Term
| Where did EPAS1 likely come from? |
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Definition
| Orthologous from denisovan genome -common ancestor |
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