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| What is population genetics? (3 and 3) |
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Definition
Allele frequencies
Genotype frequencies
Phenotype frequencies
About microevolution
Strongly dependant upon mathematical models
A relatively young science |
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Term
| Factors causing genotype frequency changes (6) |
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Definition
Natural selection
Mutation
Random drift
Migration
Recombination
Nonrandom mating |
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Definition
Decent with modification
Natural selection
Gemmules? |
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Term
| Gregor mENDEL (1822 – 1884) |
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Definition
Developed pure lines
Counted his results and maintained statistical notes
The hereditary determinants are of a discreet or particulate nature. These determinants are called genes. |
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Term
| Mendel's Principle of Segregation |
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Definition
| The factors of inheritance (genes) normally are paired, but are separated or segregated in the formation of gametes (eggs and sperm). |
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Term
| Mendel's Principle of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| Each factor's distribution in the gametes is not related to the distribution of any other factor. |
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Definition
Mendel’s work was overlooked for forty years
Following rediscovery, it was believed that Mendelian inheritance and Darwinian evolution were incompatible. |
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Term
| Biometricians vs. Mendelians |
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Definition
| continuously varying traits and discontinuous variation |
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Term
| The big three (theorists) |
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Definition
R. A. Fisher (1890 – 1962)
J. B. S. Haldane (1892 – 1964)
Sewall Wright (1889 – 1988) |
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Definition
Fisher and Haldane were both strong Darwinians
Wright - Mr. Genetic Drift |
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Definition
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Definition
| Chromosome inherited equally from both parents |
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Definition
| Long piece of DNA with many genes that assorts independently of genes on other chromosomes |
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Definition
| Unit of inheritance that is transmitted from parents to offspring |
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Definition
| Single copy of all the genes in an organism |
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Definition
| The alleles at linked genes on a given copy of a chromosome |
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Definition
| Physical proximity of genes on a single chromosome |
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Term
| Linkage disequilibrium (LD) |
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Definition
| The statistical association of alleles at different loci |
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Definition
| Place where a particular genes resides in the genome |
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Definition
| Approximately equal to the percentage of recombination between two genese |
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Definition
| Genes from Mother to daughter |
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Definition
| Breaking and joining of chromosomes during meiosis |
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Definition
| Enzyme coded for by a gene that has different allelic forms |
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Definition
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Definition
| Redundancy in the genetic code where more than one codon specifies a given AA |
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Definition
| Noncoding region of a gene generally between or next to exons |
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Definition
| Highly variable locus composed of short, tandem repeats (STR) of two to six nucleotides |
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| group of closely related, often linked, genes |
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Definition
| Nucleotide change that results in an AA change |
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Definition
| Nucleotide base change that doesn't result in AA change |
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Definition
| Gene that isn't translated, often because of a stop codon |
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Definition
| Gene that isn't translated, often because of a stop codon |
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Definition
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Definition
| Single Nucleotides Polymorphism: nucleotide position that is variable in a population |
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Definition
| Mutation from one purine to another, or from on pyrimidine to another |
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Definition
| Mutation from a purine to a pyrimidine, or from pyrimidine to a purine |
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Term
| What is genetic variation? |
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Definition
Genetic variation is the variety of alleles and genotypes present in the group under study (population, species or group of species).
Polymorphism
Heterozygosity
Allelic diversity |
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Term
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Definition
To understand the influence of:
Selection
Inbreeding
Genetic drift
Gene flow
Mutation |
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Term
| Genetic variation is required for populations to adapt to environmental change. |
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Definition
measured using an array of molecular and quantitative methods
naturally outbreeding species
populations and species of conservation concern |
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Definition
Annual weather cycles
Fire regime
Pollution
Pesticide resistance
Exotic species
Global warming |
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| Relationship between genetic variation and reproductive fitness |
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Definition
| Low genetic variation in many species is related to reduced reproduction and survival (reproductive fitness). |
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Term
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Definition
Even sex ratio
Non-overlapping generations
Random (Poisson) variation in family size
Constant population size (infinite) |
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Term
| Measuring genetic variation |
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Definition
Quantitative characters
Deleterious alleles
Proteins
Karyotype
DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
Martin Kreitman (1986) first extensive sequencing of DNA. Among 11 samples there were 43 variable sites across 2379 bp. Most do not change the AA sequence.
Introns
Exons
Levels of genetic variation in nuclear DNA |
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Term
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Definition
Circular DNA molecules
Maternally inherited |
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Term
| Low genetic diversity in endangered species |
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Definition
Endangered species usually have lower levels of genetic variation than non-endangered species.
Reduced population size
Effective population size (Ne) |
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Term
| What genetic diversity determines evolutionary potential? |
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Definition
Quantitative genetic variation for life history traits is the major determinant of evolutionary potential.
However, we have the least amount of information on this form of genetic variation and it is the most difficult to measure. |
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Term
| Variation over space and time |
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Definition
Spatial variation in genetic composition depends critically on rates of gene flow, population sizes and selection
Large populations typically show negligible change in genetic variation over tens of years.
Conversely, small populations typically lose genetic diversity rapidly over time.
Gst - Nei's coefficient of gene variation |
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Term
| What explains differences in levels of genetic diversity? |
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Definition
Historical and current population sizes
Population bottlenecks
Breeding system
Natural selection
Different mutation rates
Immigration and emigration among populations
Interactions among the above factors |
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Term
| Genetic differences among species |
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Definition
The genetic differences among species generally reflects their phylogeny or taxonomic divergence.
Differentiation among bird species is on average less that that among other vertebrate groups.
Species in the genus Drosophila typically show much greater genetic variation than primates currently placed in different taxonomic families. |
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Term
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Definition
Mutation
Recombination
Infinite alleles model
Migration
Neutral mutations
Transposable elements |
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Term
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Definition
The ultimate source of genetic variation is mutation. Mutations include,
Nucleotide change
Chromosome rearrangement
Inversion
translocation |
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Term
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Definition
A to a at a rate of μ
Initial frequency small if population is large
Initial frequency is 1/2N
Recurrent mutation (mutation pressure) |
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Definition
a to A at a rate of ν
Mutation pressure is in both directions |
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Term
| Probability of fixation of a new allele |
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Definition
Assumption of an infinite population not realistic
Mutation pressure
Random sampling (over and underestimated alleles) |
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Term
| The infinite-alleles model |
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Definition
In principle, the number of alleles for any gene could be very large.
Hence, we suppose that that every new mutation creates an allele that does not already exist in the population.
In this model, two alleles that are identical by state must also be identical by descent. |
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Term
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Definition
Mutation – new alleles
Drift determines their fate |
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Term
| Linkage and recombination |
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Definition
Presumed evolutionary benefit of recombination
Recombination and polymorphism
Selective sweep
Hitchhiking |
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Term
| Absence of recombination in mtDNA |
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Definition
Maternally inherited
Does not recombine
Abundant
15 – 20 thousand bp
Fewer than 40 genes |
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Term
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Definition
The movement of organisms among subpopulations
One-way migration
The island model of migration |
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Term
| How migration limits genetic divergence |
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Definition
Estimates of migration rates
Patterns of migration |
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Term
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Definition
DNA sequence that can change its location
Create novel genome rearrangements
Pairs of transposable element can undergo recombination
Transposase |
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Term
| Transposable elements: Population dynamics |
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Definition
Rate of infection
Rate of transposition
A mechanism , or combination of mechanisms for eliminating elements from the population. |
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