Term
| what are the cervical vertebra |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the most prominent cervical spinous processes |
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Definition
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Term
| which cervical vertebra are typical |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the features of a typical cervical vertebra |
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Definition
| short bifit spinous processes, short transverse processes with anterior and posterior tubercles and transverse foramen for vertebral artery |
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Term
| what are articular pillars |
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Definition
| area posterior to transverse processes, where the articular facets are located |
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Term
| what is the orientation of the articular pillars in flexion or extension |
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Definition
| oblique normally, more horizontal in flexion, more coronal in extension |
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Term
| describe the typical cervical vertebra VERY IMPORTANT |
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Definition
| saddle shaped bodies, uncinate process create the uncovertebral joints for synovial joints |
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Term
| why do typical cervical certebra have saddle shaped bodies |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the atypical cervical vertebra |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another name for C1 |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another name for Cx |
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Definition
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Term
| what is another name for C7 |
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Definition
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Term
| describe vertebra promines |
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Definition
| articular facet more oval, spinous process non-bifid, true transverse process, vertebral artery does not pass through it |
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Term
| what happens to the lower (C2-C7) cervical vertebra in flexion or extension |
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Definition
| sidebending and rotation in the same direction |
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Term
| what is the ligamentum nuchae an extension of |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the ligamentum nuchae |
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Definition
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Term
| how can the ligamentum nuchae be relaxed |
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Definition
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Term
| are there more extensiors of flexors in the neck |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the deep neck flexors |
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Definition
| rectus capitis anterior, longus capitis, longus colli |
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Term
| what are the lateral group muscles in the neck |
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Definition
| sternonucleomastoid, scalenes, levator scapulae, middle scalene, anterior scalene, posterior scalene, levator scapulae |
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Term
| where is the neurovascular bundle located |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the deep posterior neck muscles |
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Definition
| splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis |
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Term
| how do you diagnose cervical dysfunction |
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Definition
| glide vertebra and see if there is movement restriction, also do it in flexion and extension |
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Term
| is cervical dysfunction type 1 or 2 mechanics |
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Definition
| it isnt either, it does not follw mechanics. if it did, it would be 2 most of the time |
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Term
| how can you find articular pillars |
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Definition
| come from side of neck you will bump into transverse processes then move in. or find spinous processes and move outwards |
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Term
| what does right translation indicate |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does left translation indicate |
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Definition
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Term
| how is sidebending introduced in muscle energy for lower cervical dysfunctions |
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Definition
| gently pushing the articular pilar to the side |
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Term
| why dont you have to rotate a lot during muscle energy for lower cervical dysfunctions |
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Definition
| because the sidebeinding you introduce will give the correct rotation automatically |
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Term
| what are the parts of the atlas |
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Definition
| anterior tuberble, posterior tubercle, transverse process, no body, facets |
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Term
| describe the orientation of the superior facet of the atlas |
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Definition
| converges anterior, orientated medially |
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Term
| describe the movement of the atlas facets |
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Definition
| glide anterior and posterior |
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Term
| describe the shape of the occipital condyles |
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Definition
| converge anterior, convex |
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Term
| what is the occipito atlandal joint |
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Definition
| C0-C1 joint, occipital condyle with C1 facets |
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Term
| what is the movement of the occipito-atlantal joint |
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Definition
| mostly flexion and extension, sidebending and rotation are minor |
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Term
| what is the remnent of the C1 body |
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Definition
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Term
| how are the facets of the axix orientated |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is the atlanto-axial joint |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what type of movement does the atlanto axial joint do |
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Definition
| rotation, most of the rotation for the C spine |
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|
Term
| what does the tectorial membrane extend from |
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Definition
| posterior longitudinal ligament |
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|
Term
| where is the anterior occipito atlantal ligament located |
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Definition
| extends from enterior longitudinal ligament |
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Term
| where is the posterior occipito atlantal ligament located |
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Definition
| extends from ligamentum flavum |
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|
Term
| what ligaments attach to the occpiut, skipping C1 |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the transverse ligament |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in what dieseases is there a problem with the transverse ligament |
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Definition
| down syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis |
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|
Term
| what muscles are included in the suboccipital triangle |
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Definition
| rectus capitis posterior major and minor, obliquus capitis superior and inferior |
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Term
| what vessels and nerves are in the suboccipital triangle |
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Definition
| suboccipital nerve, vertebral a |
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|
Term
| how do we move the occipito atlanto joint to test it |
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Definition
| side slipping: combination of sidebending and rotation in opposite directions |
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|
Term
| in flexion or extension what happens to the atlanto-axial joint |
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Definition
| sidebending and rotation in opposite directions |
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|
Term
| in flexion or extension what happens to the occipito-atlanto joint |
|
Definition
| sidebending and rotation in the same directions |
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Term
| how do you do a passive OA screen |
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Definition
| fingers at base of occiput, introduce sideslipping in neutral, flexion and extension |
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Term
| how do you do an active OA screen |
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Definition
| patient flexes or extends head and you see if there is asymmetry in the direction of the chin |
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Term
| in an active OA screen, what does it mean if the chin deviates left in extension |
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Definition
| left condyle wont glide anterior |
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|
Term
| in an active OA screen, what does it mean if the chin deviates right in flexion |
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Definition
| right condyle wont glide posterior |
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|
Term
| how do you do muscle energy on the OA flexed dysfunction |
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Definition
| one hand on occipitut the other on the patients chin. monitor OA, extend, introduce side slipping and have the patient look down |
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Term
| how do you do muscle energy on the OA extended dysfunction |
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Definition
| one hand on occipitut the other on the patients chin. monitor OA, flex, introduce side slipping and have the patient look up |
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|
Term
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Definition
| flex 45 deg and rotate head, if there is a difference that is where the restriction is |
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Term
| how do you do muscle energy for AA |
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Definition
| fully flex cervical, support occiput, put other hand on cheek, ask patient to turn head against your hand, take up slack, find new barrier, recheck |
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|
Term
| what does C5 do reflexes for |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does C6 do reflexes for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does C7 do reflexes for |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles does C5 innervate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles does C6 innervate |
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Definition
| wrist extension, finger extension, triceps |
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|
Term
| what muscles does C8 and T1 innervate |
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Definition
| finger flexion, hand intrinsics |
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|
Term
| what muscles does T1 and T2 innervate |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what does C5 provide sensation to via what nerve |
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Definition
| lateral arm, axillary nerve |
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|
Term
| what does C6 provide sensation to via what nerv |
|
Definition
| lateral forearm, musculocutanrous nerve |
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|
Term
| what does C7 provide sensation to |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what does C8 T1 provide sensation to via what nerve |
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Definition
| medial forearm, medial anterior brachial cutaneous nerve |
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|
Term
| what does T1 T2 provide sensation to via what nerve |
|
Definition
| medial arm, medial branch of the cutaneous nerve |
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Term
| what are most serious injuries of the cervical spine a result of IMPORTANT |
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Definition
| injury to the vertebral artery in the upper cervical resulting in hemorrhage or stroke |
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Term
| what is the most likley position to injure the cervical spine IMPORTANT |
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Definition
| extreme extension and rotation in upper cervical |
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|
Term
| what occurs in anterior scalene syndrome or cervical rib syndrome |
|
Definition
| the brachiel plexus is between the anterior and medial scalene or cervical rib |
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|
Term
| what is wrong with the transverse ligament during down syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is wrong with the transverse ligament during theumatoid arthritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does cervical arthtiris cause |
|
Definition
| degenerative joint disease |
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|
Term
| what is torticollis or wry neck |
|
Definition
| neck stuck in wrong spot due to sternonucleomastoid |
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|
Term
| what are the layers of the alimentary canal |
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Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
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|
Term
| what does the alimentary mucosa consist of |
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Definition
| a lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
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|
Term
| what is th elamina propria |
|
Definition
| underlying connective tissue to lining epithelium in the mucosa |
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|
Term
| what is the muscularis mucos |
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Definition
| smooth m under lamina propria in alimentary canal |
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|
Term
| what do most substances that enter the body first cross |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the mucosa |
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Definition
| secretion, absorption, barrier, immunologic protection |
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|
Term
| how does the mucosa function in secretion |
|
Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes at specific sites |
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|
Term
| what are examples of digestive enzymes secreted by the mucosa |
|
Definition
| HCl, mucin, antibodies (IgA) |
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|
Term
| what antibody is secreted by the mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa function in absorption |
|
Definition
| it absorbs substrates, vitamins, water, electrolites, recycables |
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|
Term
| what recyclables does the mucosa absorb |
|
Definition
| bile components, cholesterol |
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|
Term
| how does the mucosa serve as a barrier |
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Definition
| prevents entry of bad stuff, antigens, and pathologic organisms |
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|
Term
| how is the mucosa involved in immunologic protection |
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Definition
| lymphatic tissue within the mucosa participates in the first line of immune defence |
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|
Term
| what does the lamina propria contain |
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Definition
| glands, vessels, components of the lymphatic system |
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|
Term
| what do the lymphatic tissues of the lamina propria contain |
|
Definition
| diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, eosinophils, macrophages, someites, neutrophils |
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|
Term
| what is the name of the diffuse lymphatic tissue at the lymphatic nodules |
|
Definition
| gut-associated lymphatic tissue GALT |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| at distal small intestines, appendix, and ileum, many aggregates of lymphatic nodules |
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|
Term
| what is the muscularis mucosa a boundry between |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what does contraction of the muscularis mucosa physically cause, what is the function of this |
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Definition
| movement of the mucosa which forms ridges and valleys for absorption and secretion |
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|
Term
| what is the name of the contraction of the muscularis mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the submucosa made of |
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue |
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|
Term
| what does the submucosa contain |
|
Definition
| blood, lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus, sometimes glands |
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|
Term
| what does the nerve plexus of the submucosa contain |
|
Definition
| visceral sensory fibers of sympathetic origin, parasympathetic ganglia, pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
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|
Term
| what is the plexus in the submucosa called |
|
Definition
| submucosal or meissner's plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis externa. how is it organized |
|
Definition
| an inner circular layer of smooth muscle and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle with connective tissue in the middle |
|
|
Term
| what is the connective tissue in the muscularis externa called |
|
Definition
| myentric or auerbach's plexus |
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|
Term
| what is in the myentric plexus |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic ganglion cells, post ganglionic fibers |
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|
Term
| what is the function of the muscularis externa |
|
Definition
| segmentation (local contractions that move contents proximally and distally) and peristalsis |
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|
Term
| what does the circular layer of the muscularis externa form, what is their function |
|
Definition
| sphincters that can close lumen |
|
|
Term
| what are the spinhctors of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| pyloric, ileocecal valve, internal anal |
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