Term
| what is the process of a monosynaptic stretch reflex |
|
Definition
| fibers stretch > 1A/2A afferent neuron depolatization > AP passes dorsal root ganglion > to dorsal horn > ventral horn > synapses > efferent nerve > extrinsic fibers/muscle spindle > contraction |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the antagonist muscle in the monosynaptic stretch reflex |
|
Definition
| interneuron sends signal > synapse in ventral horn > relaxation |
|
|
Term
| what conditions does the monosynaptic reflex respond to |
|
Definition
| amplitude and rapidness of stretch |
|
|
Term
| what are gamma motor neurons produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fibers do gamma motor neurons innervate |
|
Definition
| intrafusal fibers, the spindle |
|
|
Term
| what fibers to alpha motor neurons innervate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what information is gamma fibers sensitive to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do gamma fivers get imput from, what does thos coordinate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of gamma fibers |
|
Definition
| prevent tears to muscle bodies by limiting or preventing too rapid stretching, stretching too far |
|
|
Term
| what is the definition of strain counterstrain |
|
Definition
| system of diagnosis and treatment that considers the dysfunction to be continuing, inapproporate strain reflex, which is inhibited by applying a position of mild strain in the direction exactly opposite to that of the reflex accompanied by specific directed positioning about the point of tenderness to achieve desired theraputic response |
|
|
Term
| how long should you hold the treatment in strain counterstrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why was 90s determined to be the best time for strain counterstrain |
|
Definition
| because more or less did not produce better results |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in contractile part of muscle, tendon, origin/insertion, or dermatome. pain does not radiate, size of thumb pad, very tender |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pain radiates from point to somewhere else |
|
|
Term
| what information do muscle sensory fibers communicate |
|
Definition
| fiber length (contraction magnitude) in respect to stretch, rate of stretch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reflex contraction in agonist and relaxation in antagonist |
|
|
Term
| in general what is the doctor trying to do during strain counter strain |
|
Definition
| shorten length of muscle intil pain is reduced |
|
|
Term
| in strain counterstrain how should the patient be positioned if the tender point is on the front |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in strain counterstrain how should the patient be positioned if the tender point is on the back |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in strain counterstrain how should the patient be positioned if the tender point is on the side |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after holding for 90s in strain counterstrain, what does the physician do |
|
Definition
| slowly return the patient back to normal |
|
|
Term
| what are alpha fibers associated with |
|
Definition
| innervation or contractile unit, motor neurons, extrafusal |
|
|
Term
| to be a dysfunction, what does there need to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are tender points associated with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is patient moved to or away from the position of injury in strain counterstrain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what level of tenderness (after we set the initial pain as 10) is acceptable for finishing treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for lateral points, in what direction do you need to sidebend or rotate |
|
Definition
| away from the tender point |
|
|
Term
| why might it not be good to do strain counterstrain on |
|
Definition
| patients who cannot voluntarily relax, severly ill, hyperextension and rotation of the C spine puts vertebral arteries at risk of compormise |
|
|
Term
| where is A1T located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| juggular foramen, seated, hands on head |
|
|
Term
| where is A2T located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| angle of louie, seated, hands on head |
|
|
Term
| where is A3T-A4T located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| sternum, seated, arms pulled back |
|
|
Term
| where is A5T-A6T located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| sternum, seated or supine |
|
|
Term
| where is A7T located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| between tip of xyphoid and umbilicus 1/4 the distance divided into quarters, supine, rotate torso away or rotate pelvis towards with flexion and sidebending to the tender point |
|
|
Term
| where is A8T located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| half way beterrn xyphoid and umbilicus divided into quarters, supine, rotate torso away or rotate pelvis towards with flexion and sidebending to the tender point |
|
|
Term
| where is A9T located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| 3/4 distance between xyphoid and umbilicus divided into quarters, supine, rotate torso away or rotate pelvis towards with flexion and sidebending to the tender point |
|
|
Term
| where is A10T located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| 1/4 between umbilicus and pubic symphysis divided into quarters, supine,rotate torso away or rotate pelvis towards with flexion and sidebending to the tender point |
|
|
Term
| where is A11T located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| half way between umbilicus and pubic symphysis divided into wuarters, supine, rotate torso away or rotate pelvis towards with flexion and sidebending to the tender point |
|
|
Term
| where is AT12 located, in what position is the patient |
|
Definition
| midaxillary line on inneriliac crest and pubic symphysisrotate torso away or rotate pelvis towards with flexion and sidebending to the tender point |
|
|
Term
| what what anterior point do abdominal musces become involved |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many points do AT1-6 have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many points does AT7-12 have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many points to PT1-12 have, what do they correspond with |
|
Definition
| spinous process and transverse process |
|
|
Term
| what is a trick for finding C7 |
|
Definition
| you cannot palpate C6 into extension |
|
|
Term
| if the tenderpoint is on the transverse process what motion do you induce |
|
Definition
| sidebend away and rotate towards tenderness |
|
|
Term
| when 2 spinoous processes are close together which part will be tender |
|
Definition
| inferior part of one on top |
|
|
Term
| what is the landmark for finding PT1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the landmark for finding PT7 |
|
Definition
| inferior angle of scapula |
|
|
Term
| what is the landmark for finding PT12 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the landmark for finding AL2 |
|
Definition
| two inches lateral to umbilicus |
|
|
Term
| what is the landmark for finding AL1 |
|
Definition
| inferomedial to ASIS and superior to AIIS |
|
|
Term
| what is the landmark for finding AL3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the landmark for finding AL4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the landmark for finding AL5 |
|
Definition
| anterior pubic bone, 1 cm lateral to symphysis |
|
|
Term
| why position is the patient in when treating AL1 |
|
Definition
| supine, legs crossed, sidebend towards, rotate towards |
|
|
Term
| what position is the patient in for AL2-4 |
|
Definition
| supine, legs crossed, sidebend away, rotate away |
|
|
Term
| what position is the patient in for AL5 |
|
Definition
| supine, legs crossed, sidebend away, rotate towards |
|
|
Term
| how many points does PL1-4 have |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient prone, lift thigh with ASIS on side of tenderpoint causing extension, sidebend and rotate pelvis towards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient prone, hip extension with adduction and internal or external rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral aspect of transverse process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upper pole superior medial aspect of PSIS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on ileum just inferior to PSIS pressing superiorly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patient prine, leg on side of tender point is tropped off table with hlp flexed at 90 deg adduction and slight internal rotation |
|
|
Term
| how do you treat PT spinous process 1-12 |
|
Definition
| extension with rotation and or sidebending AWAY |
|
|
Term
| how do you treat PT lateral transvers process 1-12 |
|
Definition
| extension, sidebending away and rotation towards |
|
|
Term
| what are the cervical vertebra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the most prominent cervical spinous processes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which cervical vertebra are typical |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the features of a typical cervical vertebra |
|
Definition
| short bifit spinous processes, short transverse processes with anterior and posterior tubercles and transverse foramen for vertebral artery |
|
|
Term
| what are articular pillars |
|
Definition
| area posterior to transverse processes, where the articular facets are located |
|
|
Term
| what is the orientation of the articular pillars in flexion or extension |
|
Definition
| oblique normally, more horizontal in flexion, more coronal in extension |
|
|
Term
| describe the typical cervical vertebra VERY IMPORTANT |
|
Definition
| saddle shaped bodies, uncinate process create the uncovertebral joints for synovial joints |
|
|
Term
| why do typical cervical certebra have saddle shaped bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the atypical cervical vertebra |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for C1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for Cx |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for C7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe vertebra promines |
|
Definition
| articular facet more oval, spinous process non-bifid, true transverse process, vertebral artery does not pass through it |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the lower (C2-C7) cervical vertebra in flexion or extension |
|
Definition
| sidebending and rotation in the same direction |
|
|
Term
| what is the ligamentum nuchae an extension of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the ligamentum nuchae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can the ligamentum nuchae be relaxed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| are there more extensiors of flexors in the neck |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the deep neck flexors |
|
Definition
| rectus capitis anterior, longus capitis, longus colli |
|
|
Term
| what are the lateral group muscles in the neck |
|
Definition
| sternonucleomastoid, scalenes, levator scapulae, middle scalene, anterior scalene, posterior scalene, levator scapulae |
|
|
Term
| where is the neurovascular bundle located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the deep posterior neck muscles |
|
Definition
| splenius cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis |
|
|
Term
| how do you diagnose cervical dysfunction |
|
Definition
| glide vertebra and see if there is movement restriction, also do it in flexion and extension |
|
|
Term
| is cervical dysfunction type 1 or 2 mechanics |
|
Definition
| it isnt either, it does not follw mechanics. if it did, it would be 2 most of the time |
|
|
Term
| how can you find articular pillars |
|
Definition
| come from side of neck you will bump into transverse processes then move in. or find spinous processes and move outwards |
|
|
Term
| what does right translation indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does left translation indicate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is sidebending introduced in muscle energy for lower cervical dysfunctions |
|
Definition
| gently pushing the articular pilar to the side |
|
|
Term
| why dont you have to rotate a lot during muscle energy for lower cervical dysfunctions |
|
Definition
| because the sidebeinding you introduce will give the correct rotation automatically |
|
|
Term
| what are the parts of the atlas |
|
Definition
| anterior tuberble, posterior tubercle, transverse process, no body, facets |
|
|
Term
| describe the orientation of the superior facet of the atlas |
|
Definition
| converges anterior, orientated medially |
|
|
Term
| describe the movement of the atlas facets |
|
Definition
| glide anterior and posterior |
|
|
Term
| describe the shape of the occipital condyles |
|
Definition
| converge anterior, convex |
|
|
Term
| what is the occipito atlandal joint |
|
Definition
| C0-C1 joint, occipital condyle with C1 facets |
|
|
Term
| what is the movement of the occipito-atlantal joint |
|
Definition
| mostly flexion and extension, sidebending and rotation are minor |
|
|
Term
| what is the remnent of the C1 body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are the facets of the axix orientated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the atlanto-axial joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of movement does the atlanto axial joint do |
|
Definition
| rotation, most of the rotation for the C spine |
|
|
Term
| what does the tectorial membrane extend from |
|
Definition
| posterior longitudinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| where is the anterior occipito atlantal ligament located |
|
Definition
| extends from enterior longitudinal ligament |
|
|
Term
| where is the posterior occipito atlantal ligament located |
|
Definition
| extends from ligamentum flavum |
|
|
Term
| what ligaments attach to the occpiut, skipping C1 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the transverse ligament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in what dieseases is there a problem with the transverse ligament |
|
Definition
| down syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
| what muscles are included in the suboccipital triangle |
|
Definition
| rectus capitis posterior major and minor, obliquus capitis superior and inferior |
|
|
Term
| what vessels and nerves are in the suboccipital triangle |
|
Definition
| suboccipital nerve, vertebral a |
|
|
Term
| how do we move the occipito atlanto joint to test it |
|
Definition
| side slipping: combination of sidebending and rotation in opposite directions |
|
|
Term
| in flexion or extension what happens to the atlanto-axial joint |
|
Definition
| sidebending and rotation in opposite directions |
|
|
Term
| in flexion or extension what happens to the occipito-atlanto joint |
|
Definition
| sidebending and rotation in the same directions |
|
|
Term
| how do you do a passive OA screen |
|
Definition
| fingers at base of occiput, introduce sideslipping in neutral, flexion and extension |
|
|
Term
| how do you do an active OA screen |
|
Definition
| patient flexes or extends head and you see if there is asymmetry in the direction of the chin |
|
|
Term
| in an active OA screen, what does it mean if the chin deviates left in extension |
|
Definition
| left condyle wont glide anterior |
|
|
Term
| in an active OA screen, what does it mean if the chin deviates right in flexion |
|
Definition
| right condyle wont glide posterior |
|
|
Term
| how do you do muscle energy on the OA flexed dysfunction |
|
Definition
| one hand on occipitut the other on the patients chin. monitor OA, extend, introduce side slipping and have the patient look down |
|
|
Term
| how do you do muscle energy on the OA extended dysfunction |
|
Definition
| one hand on occipitut the other on the patients chin. monitor OA, flex, introduce side slipping and have the patient look up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flex 45 deg and rotate head, if there is a difference that is where the restriction is |
|
|
Term
| how do you do muscle energy for AA |
|
Definition
| fully flex cervical, support occiput, put other hand on cheek, ask patient to turn head against your hand, take up slack, find new barrier, recheck |
|
|
Term
| what does C5 do reflexes for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does C6 do reflexes for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does C7 do reflexes for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles does C5 innervate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscles does C6 innervate |
|
Definition
| wrist extension, finger extension, triceps |
|
|
Term
| what muscles does C8 and T1 innervate |
|
Definition
| finger flexion, hand intrinsics |
|
|
Term
| what muscles does T1 and T2 innervate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does C5 provide sensation to via what nerve |
|
Definition
| lateral arm, axillary nerve |
|
|
Term
| what does C6 provide sensation to via what nerv |
|
Definition
| lateral forearm, musculocutanrous nerve |
|
|
Term
| what does C7 provide sensation to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does C8 T1 provide sensation to via what nerve |
|
Definition
| medial forearm, medial anterior brachial cutaneous nerve |
|
|
Term
| what does T1 T2 provide sensation to via what nerve |
|
Definition
| medial arm, medial branch of the cutaneous nerve |
|
|
Term
| what are most serious injuries of the cervical spine a result of IMPORTANT |
|
Definition
| injury to the vertebral artery in the upper cervical resulting in hemorrhage or stroke |
|
|
Term
| what is the most likley position to injure the cervical spine IMPORTANT |
|
Definition
| extreme extension and rotation in upper cervical |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in anterior scalene syndrome or cervical rib syndrome |
|
Definition
| the brachiel plexus is between the anterior and medial scalene or cervical rib |
|
|
Term
| what is wrong with the transverse ligament during down syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is wrong with the transverse ligament during theumatoid arthritis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does cervical arthtiris cause |
|
Definition
| degenerative joint disease |
|
|
Term
| what is torticollis or wry neck |
|
Definition
| neck stuck in wrong spot due to sternonucleomastoid |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
|
|
Term
| what does the alimentary mucosa consist of |
|
Definition
| a lining epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is th elamina propria |
|
Definition
| underlying connective tissue to lining epithelium in the mucosa |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis mucos |
|
Definition
| smooth m under lamina propria in alimentary canal |
|
|
Term
| what do most substances that enter the body first cross |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of the mucosa |
|
Definition
| secretion, absorption, barrier, immunologic protection |
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa function in secretion |
|
Definition
| secretes digestive enzymes at specific sites |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of digestive enzymes secreted by the mucosa |
|
Definition
| HCl, mucin, antibodies (IgA) |
|
|
Term
| what antibody is secreted by the mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa function in absorption |
|
Definition
| it absorbs substrates, vitamins, water, electrolites, recycables |
|
|
Term
| what recyclables does the mucosa absorb |
|
Definition
| bile components, cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| how does the mucosa serve as a barrier |
|
Definition
| prevents entry of bad stuff, antigens, and pathologic organisms |
|
|
Term
| how is the mucosa involved in immunologic protection |
|
Definition
| lymphatic tissue within the mucosa participates in the first line of immune defence |
|
|
Term
| what does the lamina propria contain |
|
Definition
| glands, vessels, components of the lymphatic system |
|
|
Term
| what do the lymphatic tissues of the lamina propria contain |
|
Definition
| diffuse lymphatic tissue, lymphatic nodules, eosinophils, macrophages, someites, neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the diffuse lymphatic tissue at the lymphatic nodules |
|
Definition
| gut-associated lymphatic tissue GALT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| at distal small intestines, appendix, and ileum, many aggregates of lymphatic nodules |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis mucosa a boundry between |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does contraction of the muscularis mucosa physically cause, what is the function of this |
|
Definition
| movement of the mucosa which forms ridges and valleys for absorption and secretion |
|
|
Term
| what is the name of the contraction of the muscularis mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the submucosa made of |
|
Definition
| dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what does the submucosa contain |
|
Definition
| blood, lymphatic vessels, nerve plexus, sometimes glands |
|
|
Term
| what does the nerve plexus of the submucosa contain |
|
Definition
| visceral sensory fibers of sympathetic origin, parasympathetic ganglia, pre and post ganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the plexus in the submucosa called |
|
Definition
| submucosal or meissner's plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is the muscularis externa. how is it organized |
|
Definition
| an inner circular layer of smooth muscle and outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle with connective tissue in the middle |
|
|
Term
| what is the connective tissue in the muscularis externa called |
|
Definition
| myentric or auerbach's plexus |
|
|
Term
| what is in the myentric plexus |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic ganglion cells, post ganglionic fibers |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the muscularis externa |
|
Definition
| segmentation (local contractions that move contents proximally and distally) and peristalsis |
|
|
Term
| what does the circular layer of the muscularis externa form, what is their function |
|
Definition
| sphincters that can close lumen |
|
|
Term
| what are the spinhctors of the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| pyloric, ileocecal valve, internal anal |
|
|
