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| the process through which individuals and groups reach agreement on a course of common, or collective, action-even if they disagree on the intended goals of that action. |
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| the prolonged exchange of proposals and counterproposals |
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| a settlement in which each side concedes preferences to secure others |
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"givens" -individuals and groups know what they want
-may reflect an individuals economic situation, religious values, ethnic identity, or some other valued interest |
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| purpose for rules and procedures |
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| to guide an organization's members in making essentially political decisions-decisions in which the participants initially disagree about what they would like the organization to do |
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| establishes its governing institutions and the set of rules and procedures these institutions must (and must not) follow to reach and enforce collective agreements |
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| consists of institutions and the legally prescribed process for making and enforcing collective agreements |
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| confer on their occupants specific authority and responsibilities |
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| the acknowledged right to make a particular decision |
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| an officer holder's actual influence with other office holders, and as a consequence, over the government's actions |
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| the efforts of a group to reach and implement agreements |
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| members of the group must decide individually what they want, what they are prepared to contribute to the collective enterprise, and how to coordinate their efforts with those of others |
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| whenever individuals decide that even though they support some collective undertaking, they are personally better off pursuing an activity that rewards them individually despite undermining the collective efforts |
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| an identified target to focus their energies toward a common purpose |
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| issues where one party's gain is the other's loss and politics may break down |
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a form of the prisoner's dilemma that afflicts large groups
-to defect from the agreement by withholding a contribution to the groups undertaking while enjoying the benefits of the collective effort |
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| a large number of participants encourage each to renege on contributions to the public good. The good already exists and will be destroyed if the exploitation is not brought under control |
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| fence the pasture and allocate sections to individual herdsman |
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| the time, effort, and resources required to make collective decisions |
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| range from an ordinary task such as paying property taxes to extraordinary sacrifices such as serving in Iraq |
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| gives its holder comprehensive control of those within the scope of its authority |
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| the right of an official or institution to say "no" to a proposal from another official or institution |
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| the capacity to set the choices available to others |
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| "simple majority"-one half plus one |
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| impose very high conformity costs |
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| the candidate receiving the most votes, regardless whether the plurality reaches a majority |
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| if the president vetoes a bill passed by both houses of Congress, 2/3 of the House and Senate must vote to override the veto or the bill is defected |
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| when individuals or groups authorize someone to make and implement decisions for them |
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| those who possess decision-making authority |
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those who exercise authority on behalf of the principals
exa. Americans hiring H&R block to fill out tax forms for them |
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| the discrepancy between what a principal would ideally like its agents to do and what they actually do |
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| representative government |
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| blend of delegation with majority rule |
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| citizens participate directly in collective decision making |
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| allows some degree of popular control and also avoids tyranny |
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| decisive authority lies in a popularly elected legislature whose actions are not subject to the same severe checks by executive and judicial vetoes |
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| elected team of executives |
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| a combination of unlike-minded interests who nonetheless agree, for their own distinct reason, to a common course of action |
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| homes, clothes, cars, food, and sources of entertainment |
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| costs are borne collectively and no one can be excluded from the benefits |
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| auto pollution-produced by motorists who act as free riders in serving their own interests over those of society at large |
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public policy
-hard to distinguish 100% whether or not a good.service is strictly public or private |
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| America was responsible for managing their own domestic affairs, including taxation |
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| American army to provide for the colonies defense, a popularly elected national legislature with the power to levy taxes, and an executive appointed by the British King |
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| published January 1776, moved the independence issue to center stage |
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| Declaration of independence |
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| Second Continental Congress signed it July 4, 1776 |
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| a highly decentralized system in which the national government derives limited authority from the states rather than directly from citizenry |
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mobilized the states behind constitutional reform
-represented a wildfire threatening to sweep the country into anarchy |
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| Hamilton, Washington, Shay |
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| citizens' delegation of authority to their agents in government with the ability to rescind that authority |
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| individuals rights, limit government authority |
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| limit size and authority of government |
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| politics=competition among contending interests |
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| active national government, even with high conformity costs on the states |
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-single house chamber=rep for each state
-legislature has same power as under Articles
-Supreme Court hears appeals in limited number of cases |
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-2 chamber legislature (House of Rep. and Senate)
-Authority to levy taxes reserved to the lower chamber |
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| "to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States" |
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| necessary and proper clause |
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| "to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States" |
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each branch has some veto powers over the other
-Montesquieu |
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| allows them to undertake whatever actions the nation's well-being requires and is not expressly forbidden by the Constitution or public law |
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| national laws take precidence over states laws when both properly discharge their governments' respective responsibilities |
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| the Court's authority to overturn federal laws and executive actions as unconstitutional |
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| a standard bargaining strategy in which 2 side swap support for dissimilar policies |
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essays by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison
-"genuine meaning" of the constitution |
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| a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent or aggregate interests of the community |
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| up to a point, the larger and more diverse the constituency, the more diluted is the influence of any particular faction on the preferences of the representative |
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| welcome's society's numerous diverse interests and generally endorses the idea that those competing interests more affected by a public policy will have the greatest say in what the policy will be |
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| intended to weaken the legislature's capacity to act too quickly and impulsively |
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| an effect felt by more people than just the one who chose to cause it. |
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| a hybrid arrangement that mixes elements of a confederation, in which lower-level governments possess primary authority |
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the national government monopolizes constitutional authority.
-Authority is centralized with the state and local governments administering authority delegated from central government |
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| Authority is divided between central and state or local governments |
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| Authority held by independent states and delegated to central government by consensus agreements |
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| states and the national government preside over mutually exclusive “spheres of sovereignty” |
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| the national and state governments jointly supply services to the citizenry. |
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| shifted the “indefinite” authority from the state government to the national side. |
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| specific authority that would enable the government to address problems the states had not grappled with effectively under the Articles of Confederation. |
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| allows Congress to “make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers” |
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| most explicit endorsement of federalism in the Constitution: “The powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” |
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| states underbid each other in order to sell their products |
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| cut back on things like the size of the monthly check a state pays to welfare recipients, so that it will not become a “welfare magnet” which attracts the low-income residents of tis neighbors. |
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| federal laws that assert the national government’s prerogative to control public policy in a particular field. |
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| states to provide services that they otherwise might not be disposed to offer or could not afford. |
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| each state or local government is given an exact amount of money to send for some purpose. If want to spend more can, but if saves some, the fed government gets all the savings. |
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| the federal government promises to provide matching funds, usually between 1 and 2 dollars, for every dollar that a state spends in some area. |
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| cross-cutting requirements |
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| statutes that apply certain rules and guidelines to a broad array of federally subsidized state programs |
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| stipulations that a state, to remain eligible for full federal funding for one program, must adhere to the guidelines of an unrelated program |
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| requirements that can be enforced by legal and civil penalties |
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| certain federal laws allow the states to administer joint federal-state programs so long as they conform to federal guidelines. |
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