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| a group of individuals who organize to win elections operate the government and determine policy. |
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- What we have in the US
-2 strong established parties |
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| Why has the 2 party system become so entrenched in America |
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First major split between the Fed/Anti Fed set precedent
-Funding( 2 major parties get federal funding while 3rd parties have to wait untill they get 5% of vote and after the race
-Winner take all system
-single member districts |
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| the document drawn up by each party at its national convention that outlines the policy and positions of the party |
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| Founding Fathers views on POlitical Parties |
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Didnt like it, they thought that it would become a popularity contest.
-thought that the 2 parties would topple the democratic balance |
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| Components of Political parties |
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| Party in elecotrate, Party Organization, Party in Government |
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| the largest component, contains all the people in the D/R party |
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national, state, and local offices.
- maintain the party strength, make rules, raise money, organize conventions, etc |
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all candidates who now have a public office
- coax its own members to vote for policies |
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| Function of Political Parties |
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- Link the peoples policy references to actual gov policies
-select candidates
-inform the public
-coordinate policy making
etc |
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| 3rd party formed to promote a particular cause or timely issue |
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supports a particular political doctrine or a set of beliefs
ex. Libertarian party opposes virtually all forms of government interference with personal liberties |
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| Splinter/Personality Parties |
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Develops out of a split within the party, usually associated with the election of a party leader
ex. teddy roosevelt and bull moose party |
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| the views of all teh citizenry on a particular issue. the total of a complex collection of opinion held by many people on the issues |
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| family, schools, media, tv, magazines, newspapers, opinion leaders (well known individuals), peers, economic status |
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| 1) can be biased if the sample is not done correctly, 2) Arent reliable because people dont give the best info 3 ) Can't detect rapid shifts in opinion 4) push polls 5) sampling error |
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| questions designes to push the answer towards one answer/candidate |
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| Voting rights act of 1964 |
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| ended discriminatory voter registration tests, gave fed voter registrars power to eliminate racial profiling |
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| National Voter Registration Act (Motor Voter Law) |
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| requires states to provide all eligible citizens with the opportunity to vote when applying for drivers license, and mail in registration |
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| Why people vote as they do |
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| Party Identification, Perception of the candidates, Policy Choices, Socio-economic factors |
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| is an election held within each of the 2 major parties to pick its candidates for the general election |
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| a meeting held y party leaders to choose political candidates. The caucus system of nomination candidates has been replaces by nomination conventions and later direct primary |
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| a voter can vote for a parties candidate regardless of their party affiliation |
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| only members of the party can vote for that party member |
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| voters request a ballot for what party they are associated with |
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| allows voter to register to change parties or register for a new one on election day |
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| moving the election date to earlier in the year |
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| Who loses/ Benefits from front loading primaries |
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with a shortened primary season long shot candidates may no longer be able to proper themselves in serious contention by doing well in the smaller earlier states.
- candidates who obtain the most funding early will benefit from this |
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selected during each presedential election year by the states poliical parties.
- they are as many electors as #of HOR/Senators the state has |
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| President Elections/Electoral College |
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President must gain majority vote (270)
if there is non choses the HOR chooses the Pres, and the Senate for the VP |
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| National Party Conventions |
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| delegates represent the wishes of the voters/politcal parties of the home state |
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| Candidates Campaign Organization |
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Candidates Staff
--undertake various aspects/tasks associated with campaigning.
Campaign manager
-- develops overall campaign strategy, manages finances, oversee staff |
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| professional political advisor, who for a large fee work on areas of a candidates campaign. Include campaign managers, pollsters, media advisers |
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| Federal Election Campaign Act 1971 |
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To Curb abuses in the ways campaigns were financed
1) Placed a no limit on spending but restricted the amount that could be spent on media
2) anyone who donates more than 100 has to disclose themselves |
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Limited Campaign spending, individuals can donate up to 1000 for each in candidate/primary and 25,000 on the year .
2) candidates must file reports on how the money is spent |
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| Campaign Reform Act of 2002 |
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| ban on soft money, individual donations raised up to 30,000, foreign money not alllowed, state soft money capped at 10,000 |
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| supreme court was unconstitutional to limit how much money a candidate can spend on his own campaign under the right to freedom of speech |
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| Communication Channels such as tv, internet, radio etc. through which people can communicate to mass audiences |
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| a negative political ad that attacks the character of an opposing candidate |
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ads that focus on flaws in the opponents position on the issues
Ex. Daisy Girl |
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| Televised Presidential Debates |
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1) first great one was Kennedy Vs. Nixon in 1960
2) Gave voters an opportunity to see the candidates react to questions and compare them to another |
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| Televised Presidential Debates |
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1) first great one was Kennedy Vs. Nixon in 1960
2) Gave voters an opportunity to see the candidates react to questions and compare them to another |
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| Apportionment of House Seats |
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| based on the respective populations of the state, reapportioned every 10 years, re-elected every 2 |
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| Requirements for Congressional District |
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| Has 1 member from each district, the authority of the state legislature draws the lines for the districts, each district must contain an equal amount of people, contiguous boundaries, geographically compact |
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| Ruled that a Tennessee state legislature malapportionment was an issue that could be heard in teh federal courts b/c it affected the constitutional requirement of protection under the law |
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| Rule and Westbury V Sanders 1964 |
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| each district must have equal protection, "One person, One Vote" |
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1) occurs when a district boundaries are drawn to maximise the influence of a certain group or political party by drawing lines to include many party voters or spreading out the opponents to 2 distrcits.
2) originally used by gov. massachustes Elbridge Gerry |
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| Qualifications to be a HOR |
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| 2 yr terms, citizen of the us for 7 years, legal resident of the state and 25+ |
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| Qualifications to be a Senator |
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| 6 yr term, citizen of the us for 9 years, resident of the state, 30 + |
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| mandated by the constitution, voted on at the beginning of the congressional term. Usually a longtime member of the majority party and the most influential member in the house |
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| elected by the caucus of party members to be the spokesman of the majority party, plans the legislation program and gains support for legislation |
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| party leader elected by the minority party |
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a member of congress who assists the majority or minority leader in the house or senate in managing the party's legislative process
--try to determine how each member is going to vote and then advise the party leader on the strength of support |
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| a permanent committee in congress that deals with legislation concerning a particular area such as agriculture or foreign relations |
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| Special or select committees |
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| may be temporary or permanent and are are formed to study specific problems or issues |
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| formed by the concurrent action of both chambers and consists of members form each congress |
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| includes members from both chambers, formed for the achieving agreements between the house/senate on the exact wording of legislative acts |
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| senate tradition of unlimited debate undertaken to prevent the action of a bill |
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a method of closing debate and bringing the matter under consideration to a vote in the senate
16 senators mush sign a petition, after 2 days 3/5 of the senate must vote |
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