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| a group of individuals who organize to win elections, operate the government, and determine policy |
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| hated parties and the idea that only two parties would dominate for so long would likely disturb many of them |
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| among voters, a growing detachment from both major parties. |
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| a type of voter becoming substantially more numerous and pushing the voting outcome of a particular area to the other side. |
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| a process in which the popular support for and relative strength of the parties shift and the parties are reestablished with different coalitions of supporters. |
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after george wa was approaching his 2nd term in 1796.
In that election John Adams, a Federalist, defeated Thomas Jefferson. After one term John Adams was defeated by Thomas Jefferson in 1800. |
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| lead by John Quincy Adams, called themselves National Republicans. had the support of bankers, business owners, and many southern planters |
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| a preliminary election held for the purpose of choosing a party’s final candidate. How political parties narrow down their number of candidates. tend to have a low turnout and those who do vote tend to be strong supporters of their party. |
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inform the public about issues of interest to their constituents. (Parties present their views on issues through television announcements, newspapers articles, websites, speeches, rallies, debates, and leaflets.
and in coordinating policy because they are the major institution through which the executive and legislative branches cooperate with each other. |
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| the political party that has fewer members in the legislature than the opposing party. |
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| the political party that has more members in the legislature than the opposing party |
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| alliances of individuals or groups with a variety of interests and opinions who join together to support all or part of the political party’s platform. |
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| all of the citizens eligible to vote in a given election. The largest and most general component of political parties |
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| people who identify themselves as being a supporter of a particular political party |
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| party members who help to organize and oversee party functions and planning during and between campaigns. |
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| people join political parties for: |
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For solidarity
For material benefits in the form of patronage- a system of rewarding the party faithful and workers with government jobs or contracts.
In order to promote a set of ideals and principles that they feel are important. |
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| a system of rewarding the party faithful and workers with government jobs or contracts. |
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Each party has a standard, pyramid-shaped, and largely decentralized organization.
These organizations are divided into:
State Organizations
Local Organizations
national party organization |
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| a local unit of a political party’s organization, consisting of a division or district within a city |
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| a political district within a city, such as a block or a neighborhood, or a rural portion of a country; the smallest voting district at the local level |
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| have system of ideas grounded in certain views of human nature, society and gov. (Libertarian party) |
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| develop when a split occurs with a major party (DIXIECRATS) |
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| promote free market capitalism and minimal intervention in peoples private lives |
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| attract enough voters from one party, that is ultimately defeated by the other |
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| learning process where people acquire their political knowledge, attitudes and opinions |
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| - a televised comment, lasting for only a few seconds, that capture3s a thought or a perspective and has an immediate impact on the viewer |
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| locally was run by the state political machine, the national by national parties (19th Century) |
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| became more objective due to professionalism movement and economic incentives |
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| which required the holders of broadcast licenses to grant equal time to opposing political view points. was abolished |
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| the tendency to make coverage and programming decisions based on what will attract a large audience and maximize profits -Reduced emphasis on political news |
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| political advertisements- |
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| advertising undertaken by or on behalf of a political candidate to familiarize voters with the candidate and his or her views on campaign issues, also advertising for or against policy issues. |
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| negative political advertising |
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| political advertising undertaken for the purpose of discrediting an opposing candidate in the eyes of the voters. |
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| a negative political advertisement that attacks the character of an opposing candidate |
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| - a political advertisement that focuses on a particular issue. Issue ads can be used to support or attack a candidate |
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| Kennedy/Nixon Debate (1960) |
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Kennedy invited Nixon to the first televised presidential candidate debates.
Nixon appeared nervous and had bad makeup.
TV viewers tended to think Kennedy won the debate, radio listeners tended to think Nixon won |
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| - news coverage that is manipulated by a campaign manager or political consultant to gain media exposure for a political candidate. |
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| - a reporter’s slant on, or particular interpretation of, a particular event or action. |
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| - a political candidate’s press adviser, who tries to convince reporters to give a story or event concerning a candidate a particular ‘spin’ (interpretation, or slant). |
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| - a designated area created following major political events where media officials go to hear from partisans who give their interpretation of events. |
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| MSNBC identified 125 journalists who had donated to the Democrats and only 16 who donated to Republicans, more liberal journalists |
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| - the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information online by independent journalists, scholars, politicians, and the general citizenry |
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| the distribution of audio or video files to a personal computer or a mobile device, such as an iPod |
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| The use of Twitter during protests in Iran in 2009 |
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| was considered so important that the Obama administration asked Twitter not to update their services because it would interfere with communications among protesters |
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| online activists who support the candidate but are not controlled by the candidate’s organization |
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can make it difficult for candidates to control their campaigns-the possibility of information distributed on the internet destroying a candidate’s campaign and reputation is now a permanent fixture of politics.
A candidate can never know when a comment that she or he makes may be recorded. |
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| “The government…wants us to sing God Bless America. No, no, no, not God Bless America. God damn America…for killing innocent people.” |
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| americans relationship with congress |
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On the one hand, they view Congress as a faceless, anonymous legislative body
On the other hand, Americans tend to like their own Congressman who represent their interests at the highest level of government |
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| significance of make up and structure of the house of senate |
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bicameral legislature consisting of two chambers: The Senate and the House of Representatives.
The House of Representatives was supposed to represent the people as a whole, or the majority.
The Senate was to represent the states and would protect the interests of small states by giving them the same number of senators (2 per state) as the larger states |
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| the distribution of House seats among the states on the basis of their respective populations. |
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| - the geographic area that is served by one member in the House of Representatives. |
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| number of districts/ house members |
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| - a condition in which the voting power of citizens in one district is greater than the voting power of citizens in another district. |
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| “one person, one vote” rule |
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| - a rule, or principle, requiring that congressional districts have equal populations so that one person’s vote counts as much as another’s vote |
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| - the drawing of a legislative district’s boundaries in such a way as to maximize the influence of a certain group or political party. LEGAL |
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| minority-majority districts |
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| in which the minority groups make up a majority of the population. |
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| pros and cons of racial gerrymandering |
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Many argue that these districts have been instrumental in increasing the number of African Americans holding public office.
Opponents of racial gerrymandering argue that it violates the equal protection clause |
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| - a representative who tries to serve the broad interests of the entire society and not just the narrow interests of his or her constituents |
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| - a representative who deliberately mirrors the views of the majority of his or her constituents. |
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| - Members of Congress must sometimes be highly attentive to the wishes of party leadership, especially on controversial issues. |
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| Requirements for being a member of the House include: |
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Having been a citizen of the US for at least seven years prior to election.
Legal resident of the state they wish to represent.
25 years old |
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| Members of the Senate must: |
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Have been a citizen of US for 9 years
Legal resident of the state they wish to represent
30 years old |
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| Once someone has won a seat in Congress they enjoy several advantages over their opponents |
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| congressional terms and limits |
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Every two years we hold congressional elections.
The entire House of Representatives and 1/3 of the Senate are up for reelection each time. |
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| the party leader electe3d by the majority party in the House or in the Senate |
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| - a member of Congress who assists the majority or minority leader in the House or in the Senate in managing the party’s legislative preferences. |
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The Vice President always fills this position
Not elected member of Senate
Casts vote in the event of a Tie |
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| the president pro tempore |
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| who serves in the absence of the vice president. This position is usually filled by the member of the majority party with the longest continuous term of service in the Senate. |
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| - a permanent committee in Congress that deals with legislation concerning a particular area, such as agriculture or foreign relations |
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| the length of continuous service on a particular committee) typically plays a role in determining chairpersons. |
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| -A division of a larger committee that deals with a particular part of the committee’s policy area. Most standing committees have several subcommittees |
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| a standing committee in the House (only) that provides special rules governing how particular bills will be considered and debated by the House. They propose time limits on debate for any bill. |
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| the Senate tradition of unlimited debate undertaken for the purpose of preventing action on a bill. |
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| a method of closing debate in the Senate and brining the matter under consideration to a vote by the entire chamber. 3/5 of the entire membership must vote for cloture. |
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Introduction of Legislation* Most bills are proposed by the executive branch, although individual members of Congress or their staffs can come up with ideas for legislation-so, too, can private citizens or lobbying groups.
Once the executive branch has developed a bill a ‘friendly’ senator or representative introduces the bill in Congress. They may be ignored, defeated, or amended. |
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Referral to committees* eadership in each chamber assign bills to the appropriate committees.
The committee may hold public hearings to hear from people who support or oppose a bill.
The (sub)committee holds a markup session- a meeting held by a congressional committee or subcommittee to approve, amend, or redraft a bill. |
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Floor debate*
The House and Senate differ in terms of the rules applied to floor debates.
These debates rarely change anyone’s mind/vote. |
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Conference committee*
- a temporary committee that consists of members from both the House and the Senate, that works out a compromise form of the bill. Members are usually drawn from the standing committees in each chamber |
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Presidential action* On the bill has been approved by both chambers it is submitted to the president for approval.
The president has 10 days to decide whether to sign the bill or veto it. |
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Overriding a veto* If the president decides to veto a bill, Congress can still get the bill enacted into law.
With a 2/3 majority vote in both chambers, Congress can override the president’s veto. |
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| investigation and oversight |
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Congress has the authority to investigate3 the actions of the executive branch, need for legislation, and the actions of its members.
Among the most famous results of Congress’s investigative function was the Church Committee findings.
The Church Report uncovered illegal activity by executive agencies such as the FBI and CIA.
Findings included the assassination of foreign leaders, spying on US citizens, and illegal experimentation |
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| Congress has the power to impeach and remove from office the president, vice president, and other “civil officers.” |
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preside3nt may appoint ambassadors, justices of the Supreme Court, and other officers of the United States “with the Advice and Consent of the Senate.”
Nominees for each position appear before the appropriate committee.
If the committee approves the nominee, the full Senate will vote on the nomination. |
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| -a part of the congressional budgeting process that involves the creation of the legal basis for government programs. |
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| - determining how many dollars will be spent in a given year on a particular set of government activities. |
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| - a government program (such as Social Security) that allows, or entitles, a certain class of people (such as elderly persons) to receive benefits. Entitlement programs operate under open-ended budget authorizations that, in effect, place no limits on how much can be spent. |
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| numerical surveys of public opinions on a particular topic at a particular moment |
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| group of people representing a population study, needed to get accurate result for pub. op. polls |
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| nonscientific poll, no way to ensure the the opinions expressed are representative of the larger pop |
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| straw polls- did not represent the population |
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| ensures that each person within the population has a chance to be selected |
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| number of people needed for a sample |
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| as closely as possible to the social, ethnic, reacial, cultural, gender and socioeconomic diversity in total pop. |
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| dif between what the sample rsults show and the true results would have been had everybody in the relevant pop been interviewed |
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| conuducted outide polling stations on election day- outcome of election can be based on exit polls |
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| campaign tactic used to feed false misleading info. to potential voters by taking an opinion poll, intended to push coters away from one candidate to another |
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theoretical model that examines utility income
-people act as utility maximizes/ self interest
-vote on the cheap, select candidate that will bring the greatest gain |
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| social psychological school |
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party identification is the primiary in predicting how people vote.
*emotional attachment to who you vote |
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voting behavior based on sociological elements
-sociodemographics like race ethnicity, status, geographic |
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| restricting voting rights to those whose anscestors voted before 1860 |
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| predicts level of participation based on a income and education |
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| american voter physcology |
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| people vote based on emotion |
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| people with more education vote |
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| dif between percentage of votes for a candidate by women and percent votes cast for candidate by men |
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| asian americans other than vietnamese |
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| memeber of electoral college who are selected each president election year by states parties |
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| meeting of pol parties to choose its candidates |
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| karl rove collecting info about voters |
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| technique uses info about ppl online behavior |
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| legitimate way of evading a certain legal requirement |
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| expenditure for activities that are independent from a candidate or party |
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| indluence what issues are on public agenda by deciding what stories to cover |
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| influence public perception of certain events by emphasis given to particular characteristics of them |
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| more objective due to professionalism movement and economic |
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