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| Setting apart government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district |
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| continuous speech made by one or more member to prevent the SEnatae from taking action on a bill; before 1917, only unanimous speech made by one or more member to prevent the Senate from talking; developed in the 1820s when the Senate was divided between the slave and free states; |
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| a method of stopping a filibuster by limiting debate to only 20 more hours; requires a vote of three-fifths of the members of the Senate; It took a cloture vote to end seventy-three days of debate and get the 1964 Civil Rights Act to the floor for a vote |
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| is a great asset of incumbency because it allows members to write their constituents without paying for postage out of pocket or using campaign funds. |
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| the process of allocating political power among a set of principles |
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| a process where states that gain or lose seats and states whose population shifts within the state must redraw their district boundaries; leads to gerrymandering |
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| district whose boundaries are devised to maximize the political advantage of a party or a racial groups; state legislature control the redistricting process, districts are normally drawn to benefit the party in control of the state legislature;before 1960, states often did not redistrict their state legislative and congressional boundaries; Supreme Court in Baker v. Carr(1962; “one person, one vote”; typically has bizarre shapes |
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| presides over the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives. This post is second in line to the presidency, after the vice president, and is therefore the third highest-ranking national office overall. |
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| advantange an imcumbent has over new challengers to get relected. |
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| a member can become an expert, and possibly influential, in a few policy areas |
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| A practice common in the U.S. Congress and in many other legislative assemblies in which two or more legislators agree for each to trade his vote on one bill he cares little about in exchange for the other's vote on a bill that is personally much more important to him. |
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| means taking an issue debate to the public through the media; as Congress does when it televises floor debates and important hearing; it is used for members’ to further their goals |
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refers to the practice of consulting home-state senators on a nomination.
The Senate rarely confirms presidential appointments if the nominee's own senators disapprove |
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| Constituency Service of Casework |
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| refers to the assistance given constituents by Members of Congress in non-legislative areas. Most requests are for help in obtaining action from federal agencies on individual problems and cases.
Other services include obtaining government information and publications, flags flown over the capitol, and military academy appointments. |
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| Executive orders of the president |
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| ensures that “the laws be faithfully executed;” these directives have the force of law, as long as they don’t contradict the constitution; form of legislative power for the executive branch; normally used to address internal procedures or organizational problems; also used to implement provisions of treaties and statutes that are ambiguous; these orders can be countermanded by successor presidents and overridden by congress; |
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| the authority of the president to withhold specific types of information from the courts and congress; was made so presidents receive the full and frank advice of their aides and advisers or of any visitors to the White House; presidents have the right to refuse to disclose the contents of private conversations and internal documents to Congress, the courts, or the public |
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| a written pronouncement issued by the President of the United States upon the signing of a bill into law They are usually printed along with the bill in United States Code Congressional and Administrative News |
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| "Rally 'round the flag" effect |
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| when troops are committed to combat; the president asks the public to “support” the troops; the public rarely turns against a war unless it drags on and victory seems unlikely to mount a real challenge to the president |
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| trial courts; ninety-four based on population but with at least one in each state; multiple judges, although a single judge or jury decides each case; lower-level courts in the federal system |
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| intermediate appellate courts; hear cases that have been decided by the district courts and then appealed by the losers; there are twelve based on regions of the country known as “circuits;” numerous judges from six to twenty-eight, although a panel of three judges decides each case |
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| name of a legal action or writ by means of which detainees can seek relief from unlawful imprisonment. |
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| A decision by the Supreme Court to hear an appeal from a lower court. |
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| “after the fact;” legislative acts making some behavior illegal that wasn’t illegal when it was done; civil liberties in the Constitution; a statute- law passed by the legislative of a representative government; Expo factor- can’t put someone in jail after a law is passed |
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| a United States Congress joint resolution providing that the President can send U.S. armed forces into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if the United States is already under attack or serious threat. The War Powers Resolution requires the president to notify Congress within 48 hours of committing armed forces to military action and forbids armed forces from remaining for more than 60 days, with a further 30 day withdrawal period, without an authorization of the use of military force or a declaration of war. |
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| first amendment clause that prohibits the establishment of a state religion; founders were products of the Enlightenment, which emphasized the importance of reason and deemphasized the role of religion; two most responsible for the religious guarantees in the First Amendment are Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, they wanted separation of church and state, advocating not only freedom OF religion but freedom FROM religion for others; generally interpreted the establishment clause to forbid government not only from designating an official church, but also from aiding one religion over another or even from aiding religion over nonreligion |
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| Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |
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| Louisians passed a law to “ promote the comfort of passengers” which mandated separate accommodations on trains; A black man sat in the white car where he got in trouble; he claimed it violated the Fourteenth Amendment; Congress established the “separate but equal doctrine,” which allowed separate facilities as long as they were equal; 13th amendment prohibited slavery; 14th provided blacks with citizenship and granted “equal protection of the laws” and “due process of the law,” 15th amendment was the right to vote; Supreme Court upheld segregation because of this case |
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| the amendment simply declared, “ Equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the US or by any sate on account of sex;” |
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| forbids discrimination on the basis of both sex,race, color, religion, or national origin in public accommodations in hiring, promoting, and firing |
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| Dred Scott, a slave who lived in Missouri, was taken by his owner to the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin and, after five years, was returned to Missouri; the owner died and passed title to his wife who moved and left Scott in the care of people who opposed slavery; they arranged for Scott to sue his owner for his freedom; they argued that Scott’s time in a free state and a free territory made him a free man even though he was returned to a slave state. The owner also opposed slavery, so she could have simply freed Scott, but they all sought a major court decision to keep slavery out of the territories; Chief Justice Roger Taney, from Tennessee, stated that blacks, whether slave or free, were not citizens; Taney declared that Congress had no power to control slavery in the territories |
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| “A General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money;” argued that government could stimulate the economy by increasing spending in a time of high unemployment; this would put more money into the economy, thus stimulating the demand for goods and services and, in turn, causing factories to produce more and hire more workers, therefore, even if government had to borrow to increase spending, the deficit could be justified because eventually higher employment rates would increase tax revenue. |
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| Congress; how they are elected; only place they have to satisfy to get re-elected |
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| censorship by restraining an action before it has actually occurred; e.g., forbidding publication rather than punishing the publisher after publication has occurred |
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| difference between government receipts and spending in a single year. |
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| maintains that in interpreting a text, a court should determine what the authors of the text were trying to achieve, and to give effect to what they intended the statute to accomplish, the actual text of the legislation notwithstanding |
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| US continuing military and political involvement in Latin America;warned European powers that were not already in Latin America to stay out; brazen move considering we were a minor power challenging the major powers of the time; paradoxically, derives primarily from isolationist not interventionist sentiment; thought was to keep foreign powers on their side of the ocean and out of our hemisphere, we believed we could be less likely to be drawn into conflicts abroad |
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| received by a government. Its opposite is government spending. |
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| the proposition that if one country fell to communist rule, it would set off a chain reaction in neighboring countries, just as a long line of dominoes standing on end will fall in sequence when the first one is toppled; if U.S. intervention could prevent the first country to come under attack from falling, others would stand firm; this rationale led us into Vietnam, our longest war to date |
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| condition of high inflation and high unemployment combined; Carter administration; more money=money is worth less |
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| a public office or other position of authority of sufficiently high rank that provides the holder with an opportunity to speak out and be listened to on any matter. can bring issues to the forefront that were not initially in debate, due to the office's stature and publicity |
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| policy of minimum intervention by governments in trade relations; government regulation of trade, for economic or political reasons, reduces the efficiency of the world economy, thus preventing countries from maximizing their income; all countries place some restrictions on trade to protect domestic labor and business interests; in fact, forms of protection historically, and today, apply to as much as 40 percent of all trade |
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| the economic policy of restraining trade between states, through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, restrictive quotas, and a variety of other government regulations designed to discourage imports, and prevent foreign take-over of domestic markets and companies. |
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State- Trial, intermediate appellate, highest state court.
Federal - Judicial Branch; 9 different types, 94 districts, 12 regional |
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| Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion. |
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| an additional provision annexed to a bill under the consideration of a legislature, having little connection with the subject matter of the bill. |
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| "in a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to their level of incompetence" |
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| money or credit owed by any level of government |
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| difficulty of passing laws fulfilling a party's political agenda in a legislature that is nearly evenly divided, or in which two legislative houses, or the executive branch and the legislature are controlled by different political parties. |
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| An agreement made between the executive branch of the U.S. government and a foreign government without ratification by the Senate. |
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| spending category about which government planners can make choices. |
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| Specialization in the production process. Complex jobs can usually be less expensively completed by a large number of people each performing a small number of specialized tasks than by one person attempting to complete the entire job. |
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| budget authority and ensuing outlays provided in laws other than appropriations acts, including annually appropriated entitlements. |
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| phrase which indicates that a person is the most senior of a group of people sharing the same rank or office |
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| FDR's attempt to expand the membership of the Supreme Court so that he could nominate justices who would uphold the constitutionality of New Deal legislation. |
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| case that reversed a lower court decision upholding the efforts of the state-supported University of Okalhoma to adhere to the state law requiring African-Amerians to be provided graduate or professional education on a segregated basis. |
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| a country controls the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. |
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| federal agency and is the main governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is charged with overseeing the 12 District Reserve Banks and setting national monetary policy. |
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1. Chief Executive
2. Commander in Chief
3. Head of State
4. Director of foreign policy
5. Head of political party
6. Economic guardian
7. Legislative leader |
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| In September 1962, the Cuban and Soviet governments began to surreptitiously build bases in Cuba for a number of medium- and intermediate-range ballistic nuclear missiles (MRBMs and IRBMs) with the ability to strike most of the continental United States. |
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| was a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which ruled that the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution had extended the reach of certain provisions of the First Amendment—specifically the provisions protecting freedom of speech and freedom of the press—to the governments of the individual states. |
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| In Curtiss-Wright, the Supreme Court concluded not only that foreign affairs power was vested in the national government as a whole, but that the President of the United States had “plenary” powers in the foreign affairs field not dependent upon congressional delegation. |
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