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| 10- all powers not given to the federal government or denied to the states are given to the states and to the people |
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| Coin money, Make treaties, Make laws that are "necessary and proper," make war, regulate commerce, regulate mail, tax imports and exports |
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| Tax state exports, Change state boundaries, impose religious tests, and pass laws against the bill of rights |
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| Powers denied to the National Government |
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| run elections, all powers not denied to the states or given to the federal government, protect public health safety and morals, establish a republican state and local gov't, regulate intrastate commerce |
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| enter into treaties, enter into compacts with other states without congressional approval, tax imports and exports, coin money, impair obligations of contracts |
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| Powers denied to the states |
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| Borrow money, administer a judiciary, make/enforce laws, tax, take property |
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| Moralistic, Individualistic, and Traditionalistic |
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1. legislative proposal
2. ballot initiative or referendum
3. constitutional conventions
4. constitutional revision commissions |
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| Ways to change a state constitution formally |
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1. supreme court decisions
2. ignore the constitution entirely |
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Definition
| Informal ways to change state constitutions |
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1. size
2. operating laws
3. distribution of power
4. rights granted to citizens
5. representative government v. direct democracy |
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Definition
| How State Constitutions vary from each other |
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1. political history
2. political culture
3. perception of government
4. geographic location |
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Definition
| State constitutions vary because |
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1. Permanence
2. Length
3. Specificity
4. Embracement/Extent of Democracy
5. Finances |
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Definition
| State Const. Differ from U.S. Const. by |
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1. citizen access
2. citizen voice
3. policy responsiveness |
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| Ability to be controlled by interest groups, unwieldy public opinion, inefficient laws, and contradictory legislation |
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1. membership groups
2. trade associations
3. institution
4. government lobbyist
5. private individuals |
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Definition
| Different types of interest groups |
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1. contract
2. cause
3. direct
4. indirect |
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Definition
| different types of lobbying |
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1. categorical
2. general revenue sharing
3. unfunded mandates
4. crossover sanctions |
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1. Unitary
2. Federalism
3. Confederism |
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1. Dual Federalism
2. Cooperative Federalism
3. Centralized Federalism
4. New Federalism |
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Definition
| Evolution of Federal system |
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1. Annapolis Convention
2. Shay's Rebellion
3. Economic crisis following Revolution |
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Definition
| Events leading to Federalism |
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1. Proximity to Citizens
2. Reduces Conflict
3. Flexibility and Policy Experimentation
4. Facilitation of Nat'l policies |
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Definition
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1. increases complexity, confusion, and duplication
2. increases conflict over jurisdiction
3. reduced accountability/duplication
4. policy solutions are difficult to implement nationwide |
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Definition
| Disadvantages of Federalism |
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Term
| James Madison and George Washington |
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| Wanted a unitary government |
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gave nat'l gov't enumerated powers and federal powers
*Enumerated- Supremacy Clause
-Exclusive Powers
-Concurrent Powers
*Implied Powers -general welfare clause
-necessary + proper clause |
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Definition
| FOR ESSAY... national gov't in the constitution |
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it did little for states' rights
-full faith and credit clause
-privileges and immunity clause |
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Definition
| FOR ESSAY state gov't in the constitution |
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Federalists drew it up for Anti-Feds who were still concerned about states' rights.
1st 9 amendments did little for states, but the 10th amendment was key.
**It stated that powers not denied to the states or directly given to the federal government were reserved for the states and to the people** |
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Definition
| FOR ESSAY- importance of B.O.R. |
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the idea that states and the national gov't have separate jurisdictions and interests.
This was the 1st kind of federalism. Layered Cake Model. It bordered nation and state centered Federalism. |
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as the nation became more industrialized... state and national interests became more intertwined. This increased with the passing of the 16th amendment, WWI, WWII, and the great depression.
states and local gov'ts were not equipped to handle the problems so state and federal governments had to cooperate.
FDR/New Deal
Dominated for the next 3 decades
2nd stage of Fed |
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Definition
3rd stage of federalism
LBJ's great society/picket fence federalism
1960s marked the shift to centralized federalism
grants-in-aid made the national government stronger |
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| the last and final stage of federalism. Came about with Reagan. He did away with grants-in-aid and consolidated into 9 block grants. States receive more power and less money from the national government |
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Definition
increased the number of registered voters but did not increase voter turnout.
Motor voter made states allow registration to take place when residents were getting their drivers license |
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| Originally ballots that allowed voters to pick all of a party's candidates at once; today, straight ticket voting is the practice of voting for all of one party's candidates for various offices- for instances, voting for all democrats or all republicans |
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| also known as office group ballot. These are ballots in which candidates are listed by name and under the title of the office they are seeking. |
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| also known as party column. These are ballots in which the names of candidates are divided into columns arranged according to political party |
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| also known as secret ballot. These are ballots printed by the states that allow voters to pick and choose among different candidates and party preferences in private. |
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| 14th amendment, 19th amendment, 24th amendment, and the 26th amendment |
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| elections that determine a party's nominee for offices in general elections against other parties' nominees. Participation is sometimes limited to voters registered as members of that particular party |
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| the decisive election in which all registered voters cast ballots for their preferred candidate for political office |
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| Meetings of party delegates called to nominate candidate for office and establish party agendas |
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| Meetings of party delegates called to nominate candidate for office and establish party agendas |
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| nominating elections in which only voters belonging to that party may participate. Only registered Democrats can vote in a closed Democratic primary, for example. |
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| when members of one party vote in another party's primary. This practice is not allowed in all states. |
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| election races that are open to all registered voters regardless of their party affiliation |
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| elections in which all voters may cast ballots for any candidate for any office regardless of party |
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| an election held if no candidate receives a majority of the vote during the regular primary. The two top finishers face off again in a runoff to determine the nominee for the general election. Such elections are held in some states, especially in the south |
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| the highest number of votes garnered by a candidate for a particular office but short of an outright majority |
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| elections in which candidates do not have to declare party affiliation or receive a party's nomination; local offices and elections are often nonpartisan |
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| a state government system in which the governor is not the dominant figure in the executive branch, but instead is more of a first among equals, serving alongside numerous other officials who were elected to their offices rather than appointed by the governor |
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| the means for citizens to make laws themselves, rather than relying on elected representatives. Three ways: initiative, referendum, and recall |
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| congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among states |
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Term
| necessary and proper clause |
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Definition
| congress has the right to make all laws they see as necessary and proper |
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| says the constitution will be the supreme law of the land and will take precedence over state and local laws |
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| is when the federal government overrides a state and local government law |
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| gives the national government the power to provide for the general welfare of the united states |
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Term
| full faith and credit clause |
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| makes states recognize each other's public acts and records |
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| the attitudes and beliefs broadly shared in a polity about the role and responsibility of the government |
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| characteristics of a given population |
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| intended to achieve the "great society." This was mostly New England area. They have a higher level of political participation and believe that the government is a positive force in society |
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| viewed as an extension of the private market place. tend to participate in politics in order to achieve personal goals. They believe that politics is more like a business and is only for experts. This is common in the midwest. They have moderate participation levels |
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| views politics as dominated by elites. The average citizen should not be involved. Believe the government can play a positive role in society by maintaining the status quo. the power of elected officials is stronger in this area and voter turnout is low. It is typically the south |
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| is when politicians use techniques which involve predicting how a voter will vote (are they elderly or in the NRA?) and now instead of targeting a large population, they target a smaller group |
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| were legal documents from the british crown that governed colonies. they created large bicameral legislatures |
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| court strikes down a federal law prohibiting possession of firearms near public schools. State claim held |
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| court overrules florida supreme court action allowing hand recounts of contested election ballots. state claim held |
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| questioned whether states had the right to nullify national law. john marshall was justice and a nation centered federalist. The case upheld the right of congress to establish a national bank. |
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| case involved a slave and the right of crossing state lines and earning freedom. It noted that Scott did not have standing in court. State powers expanded. |
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| has to do with GA's ballot access laws. it required that candidates needed at least 5% of the total votes in the last statewide election to be collected to get on a ballot. As a result no third party candidate has been on the ballot since the 1930s |
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| when voters or districts vote for different parties' nominees for different offices |
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| organizations that nominate and support candidates for elected office |
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| individuals, corporations, or associations who seek to influence the actions of elected and appointed public officials on behalf of specific companies or cases. |
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Term
| Factional splits or Factions |
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| groups that struggle to control the message within a party; for example, a party may split into competing regional factions. |
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| individuals who are not consistently loyal to candidates of any one party. They are true independents whose allegiance is fought for in every election. |
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| candidate centered politics |
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Definition
| politics in which candidates promote themselves and their own campaigns rather than relying on party organizations |
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| the theory that political parties offer clear policy choices to voters, try to deliver on those policies, and are held accountable for the success or failures of those policies |
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| when no one party can be said to dominate politics in this country |
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| when popular support switches from one party to another |
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| ad campaigns or other political activities that are run by a party or an outside group without direct knowledge or approval of a particular candidate for office |
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Term
| political action committee |
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Definition
| groups formed for the purpose of raising money to elect or defeat a political candidate. they usually represent business, union, or ideological interests |
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| money that is not subject to federal regulation that can be raised and spent by state parties. a 2002 law banned the use of this in federal elections |
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| requirements for how the state can use them |
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| general revenue sharing grants |
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Definition
| really big under nixon. provided states and localities with money and no strings attached |
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| the strings without the money. national laws directing states to pass/implement laws without any national help |
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| must pass certain laws to receive funds. ex. drinking age to 21 to receive funds for highways |
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| federal grants-in-aid leaving states and localities with broad discretion of how to use the money |
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| the process of choosing a state-centered or nation-centered view of federalism based on political or partisan convenience |
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| the process of taking power and responsibility away from the federal government and giving it to the state and local governments |
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| the idea that the constitution represents an agreement among sovereign states to form a common government |
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| the right of a government to not be sued without its consent |
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| the idea that the courts determine the boundaries of state-federal relations |
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| a system of government in which people live under two sovereign powers-- the national government and the government of their state of residence |
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| laws passed by legislatures authorizing the transfer of money to the executive brance |
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Definition
| What do voters have the opportunity to do in 30ish states and 60ish percent of states? |
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