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pols 340
midterm
75
Political Studies
Undergraduate 3
10/14/2009

Additional Political Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the difference between open-ended questions and closed-ended questions. What are adv and dis of each
Definition

A closed-ended question provides answer choices to the person being asked while open-ended do not. Advs of closed- easy to code and analyse, allow for self selection into pre-determined categories, more likely to answer with respect to sensitive topics. Dis- may force to choose answer that do not match their position, may include inapropriate choices leading to choices of "others"

advs of open- allow respondents to more fully explain answer and create opportunity for researcher to find answer not anticipated. dis- time consuming and difficult to analyse, there may be too much diversity to creat a reasonable number of categories

Term
closed-ended question
Definition
provide responders with a list of resposes to choose from
Term
covert observations
Definition
the inverstigator's presense is hidden or undisclosed and his or her intentions disguised
Term
response quality
Definition
the extent to which responses provide accurate and  complete information
Term
completion rate
Definition
refers to the proportion of persons initially contacted who actually participate
Term
accretion measure
Definition
created by the deposition and acumulation of materials
Term
episodic record
Definition
the portion of the written record that is not part of a regular, ongoing record-keepig enterprise
Term
leading question
Definition
encourages respondents to coose a particular response because the question indicates that the researcher expects it
Term
open-ended question
Definition
the respondent is asked to agree or disagree with a single substantive statement
Term
frequency distribution
Definition
tells us how many incidents of each category in a variable occured, and ussally includes percentages and cumulative percentages as well
Term
likert
Definition
the type of scale asking respondents to choose from a range of responses such as 1=strongly agree 2= agree....
Term
continuos data
Definition
interval and ratio-level data can also be referred to as scale , parametric
Term
inter-item association
Definition
done by taking outcomes of multiple measures of a concept to demonstrate the validity of the entire measurement scheme
Term
median
Definition
better measure of central tendency
Term
why is a literature reviw that focuses on concepts and ideas rather than individual articles or books ussually more effective?
Definition
focusing on ideas and concepts relay to the reader how previous work fit together and how the current work builds on previous works
Term

what is the purpose of a literature review?

why should you include one in a researh paper?

Definition

to learn about what other people have discovered, identify important questions that have not been addressed fully, identify data, methods and research strategy that others have used to answer specific questions as well as narrowing or focusing a topic.

to have a body of related work on a topic and a systematic examination and interpretation for thepurpose of informining furthr a topic

Term
Abstract
Definition
often found at the beginning of a scholarly article and will usually include a description of the contents of the article, including the research question, the theory and hypotheses and data and methods used to test hypotheses and the result and conclusion
Term
non-scholarly sources
Definition
newspaper, magazine, TV news, blogs and yahoo
Term
scholarly sources
Definition

bookes and articles by political scientists and other academics or political practioners

search engine like JSTOR

Term
literature review
Definition
a systematic examination and interpretation of the literature for the purpose of informing further work on a topic
Term
how would you design an experimental research design for this topic
Definition
  1. control group
  2. randomly assign individuals to the group
  3. establish and measure a dependent variable both before and after stimulus is given

 

Term
why are experimental deisgn generally better than nonexperimental design for making causal inferences?
Definition
because the researcher is allowed to be in control, isolating causality. Experimental design also tend to have better internal validity.
Term
How does random assignment of subjects to group control for extraneous factors
Definition
with random assignment to groups you can assume that extraneous factors will affect all groups equally and thus be cancelled out
Term
what causes spurious relationships
Definition
a spurious relationship is caused by a third variable which gives a false impression of a worthy link between two variabbles. This misleading correlation is caused by a third factor that is linked to both
Term
what are the important components to include in a research design
Definition
  1. theory being tested
  2. unit of analysis
  3. necessary, observable data
  4. data collection precision
  5. analytical procedure
Term
how can you distinguish between casual relationships and spurious relationships
Definition

causal relationship's goal is to find causality. IT has three characteristics; co-variation, time order, and elimination of alternative exploration.

 

In a spurious relationship the control variable has strong relationships with the independent variable and the dependent variable. Not causal at all. After holding a third variable constant the causal connection between x and y turns out to be coincidental

Term
experimental group
Definition
a group that receives or is exposed to an experimental treatment, test stimulus, or test factors
Term
simulation
Definition
a representation of a system by a device in order to study the system's behavior over time
Term
formal model
Definition
a simplified and abstract representation of reality that can be expressed verbally, mathematically, or in some other symbolic system, and that puports to show how variables, or parts of a system tie toether. It's external validity is ussually very low
Term
Panel study
Definition
is a cros-sectional design that introduces a time element
Term
nonexpermental design
Definition
measurements of the independent and dependent variable are taken at approximately the same time, and the researcher dos not control or manipulate the indepenent variable, the assignment of subjects to treatment or control group, or the conditions under which the independent variable is experienced
Term
multi-group design
Definition
more than one experimental or control group are created so that different levels of the experimental variables can be compared
Term
classical randomized design
Definition
most basic experiment, involves two groups and two variables, on indepenent and one dependent
Term
pre-test
Definition
the initial measurement of variables in an experimental design
Term
research design
Definition
a plan that shows how a researcher intends to study an empirical question
Term
What is the difference between an antecedent variable and an intervening variable
Definition

antecedent variable is a variable that comes b4 the independent variable

intervening variable is a variable in between the independent and dependent variable

Term
what is the difference between a variable and a constant. Why important for testing hypotheses
Definition

a variable is a concept of variation, which can have many different kinds of relationship

a constant is a concept of no variation

you need to have both a constant and a variable so you can compare your cariable to constant

Term
ecological fallacy
Definition
using info that shows a relationship forgroups to infer that the same relationship exists for individuals when no such relationships exist at the individual level
Term
reliability measure
Definition
is one that is a consistent measure of the concept
Term
negative relationship
Definition
one in which the values of one variable increases as the values of another varaible decreases
Term
validity
Definition
the extent to which a measurement records the true value of the characteristic the researcher intends to measure
Term
unit of analysis
Definition
particular type of actor whose political behavior is named in a hypothesis for the research project
Term
hypotheses
Definition
a guess(but an educated nature) that represents the proposed explanation for some phenomenon and that indicates how an independent variable is thought to affect, influence, or alter a dependent variable
Term
variable
Definition
the empirical measurement of a characteristic
Term
antecedent variable
Definition
a variable that occur prior to all other variable and that may affect other independent variables
Term
intervening variable
Definition
a variable that occurs closer in time to the dependent variable and is itself affected by other independent varalb
Term
dependent variable
Definition
caused, to depend upon, to be a function of independent variable
Term
differece between deductive and inductive reasoning
Definition

deductive-proper application of logic guarantees the truthfulness of a proposition. If premises are true, conclustion is true

inductive- process of drawing an inference from a set of premises. Premises do not guarantee conclusion but tend to support it

Term
central componetns of scintific knowledge in political science
Definition
  1. empirical verfication-objective
  2. falsibility-can in principle b rejected
  3. transmissible-dscoveries explicit so others can analyse
  4. cumulative-built upon the result or prior studies
  5. applicable to many rather than few
  6. explanatory
  7. parsimony-simplistic
  8. non-normative-concerned with fact finding
  9. empirical generalization- more general
  10. perdictive-interpretation for future
Term
Is political science a real  science
Definition

lack of exactute in methods and content

not same level of precision

philosophical objections

Term
how does explanation lead to prediction
Definition
explanation can be predictive by offering systematic, reasoned anticipation of future events. It gives scientific reasons or justification for why certain outcome is to be expected
Term
why scientific knowledge must be transmissible
Definition

the method used in making scientific dscoveries must be made explicit so that others can analyse and replicate findings.

science is a social activity in that it takes several scientists, analysing and criticising each other to produce a more reliable knowledge

Term
value of replication in cumulative knowledge
Definition
both the substantive finding and research technique are build upon results of prior studies. If the original results are not replicated using the same procedure they may be incorrect
Term
difference between normative and nonnormative knowledge
Definition

non-normatice knowledge is concerned not with evaluation or prescription but with factual or objective determination

WHILE

normative knowledge is evaluative, value laden and concerned with prescribing what ought to be

Term
explanatory knowledge
Definition
importatn because it can be predictive by offering systematic, reasoned anticipation of future events
Term
empirical generalization
Definition
summarizes relationships between individual facts
Term
cumulative
Definition
both the substantive findings and research technique are built upon the results of prior studies
Term
non-normative knowledge
Definition
knowledge that is concerned not with evaluation or prescription but with factual or objective determination
Term
falsible
Definition
when statements or hypothesis can in principle be rejected in the face of contravening empirical evidence
Term
constructionism
Definition
argue that humans do not simply discover knowledge of the real world through a neutral process like the scientific method but create it
Term
induction
Definition
refers to the process of drawing an inference form a set of premises and observations
Term
deductive argument
Definition
one in which, if premises are true, the conclustion must necessarly be true as well
Term
theory
Definition
is a body of statements that systematize knowledge of, and explain phenomena
Term
parsimony
Definition
dictates that when given choices between two compelling explanations, the explantion that relies on fewer explanatory factors is the better choice
Term
probabilistic explanation
Definition
which it is not a necessary to explain or predict a phenomenon with 100% accuracy
Term
normative knowlegde
Definition
knowledge that is evaluative, value laden, and concerned with prescribing what ought to be
Term
nominal level
Definition

indicates only a difference between categories

ex:state/region/party affiliation/gender

Term
ordinal level
Definition
ranked in order  in addition to indicating a difference between categories
Term
interval level
Definition

meaningful interval between varible but does not use a meaningful zero

 

ex= SAT score

Term
ratio level
Definition
meaningful interval between values and includes a meningful zero
Term
what is the difference between a hypotheses and a theory? what is the role of each
Definition
A theory is a body of statements that synthesizes knowlegde or explain phenomena. A hypothesis are the terms to be tested through the collection and analysis of empirical data. The role of the hypotheses is to be tested by empirical data. The role of theory is to sysnthesize the knowlegde of a phenomena
Term
positive Skew
Definition
longer or skinnier, riht hand tail.mean is higher than median
Term
negative skew
Definition
skinnier left-hand tail. mean is lower than its median
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