A closed-ended question provides answer choices to the person being asked while open-ended do not. Advs of closed- easy to code and analyse, allow for self selection into pre-determined categories, more likely to answer with respect to sensitive topics. Dis- may force to choose answer that do not match their position, may include inapropriate choices leading to choices of "others"

advs of open- allow respondents to more fully explain answer and create opportunity for researcher to find answer not anticipated. dis- time consuming and difficult to analyse, there may be too much diversity to creat a reasonable number of categories

what is the purpose of a literature review?

why should you include one in a researh paper?

to learn about what other people have discovered, identify important questions that have not been addressed fully, identify data, methods and research strategy that others have used to answer specific questions as well as narrowing or focusing a topic.

to have a body of related work on a topic and a systematic examination and interpretation for thepurpose of informining furthr a topic

bookes and articles by political scientists and other academics or political practioners

search engine like JSTOR

1. control group
2. randomly assign individuals to the group
3. establish and measure a dependent variable both before and after stimulus is given

1. theory being tested
2. unit of analysis
3. necessary, observable data
4. data collection precision
5. analytical procedure

causal relationship's goal is to find causality. IT has three characteristics; co-variation, time order, and elimination of alternative exploration.

In a spurious relationship the control variable has strong relationships with the independent variable and the dependent variable. Not causal at all. After holding a third variable constant the causal connection between x and y turns out to be coincidental

antecedent variable is a variable that comes b4 the independent variable

intervening variable is a variable in between the independent and dependent variable

a variable is a concept of variation, which can have many different kinds of relationship

a constant is a concept of no variation

you need to have both a constant and a variable so you can compare your cariable to constant

deductive-proper application of logic guarantees the truthfulness of a proposition. If premises are true, conclustion is true

inductive- process of drawing an inference from a set of premises. Premises do not guarantee conclusion but tend to support it

1. empirical verfication-objective
2. falsibility-can in principle b rejected
3. transmissible-dscoveries explicit so others can analyse
4. cumulative-built upon the result or prior studies
5. applicable to many rather than few
6. explanatory
7. parsimony-simplistic
8. non-normative-concerned with fact finding
9. empirical generalization- more general
10. perdictive-interpretation for future

lack of exactute in methods and content

not same level of precision

philosophical objections

the method used in making scientific dscoveries must be made explicit so that others can analyse and replicate findings.

science is a social activity in that it takes several scientists, analysing and criticising each other to produce a more reliable knowledge

non-normatice knowledge is concerned not with evaluation or prescription but with factual or objective determination

WHILE

normative knowledge is evaluative, value laden and concerned with prescribing what ought to be

indicates only a difference between categories

ex:state/region/party affiliation/gender

meaningful interval between varible but does not use a meaningful zero

ex= SAT score