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Pols 331 Terms
Midterm
72
Political Studies
Undergraduate 4
02/27/2014

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Term
retribution
Definition
Inflicting Pain in order to punish
ex) sentence/fine
Term
prevention
Definition
Preventing criminal from committing other crimes
ex) got a hefty fine for public intox, check myself while drinking in the future
Term
rehabilitation
Definition
Rehabilitate criminals back into society
ex) prison programs to get diplomas, etc.
Term
incapacitation
Definition
Make criminals incapable of creating another crime
ex) physically in jail, can't rob liquor stores
Term
tort
Definition
wrongful act that injures or interferes with another's person or property. these cases are civil proceedings
Term
crime
Definition
wrongful act that the state or federal government has identified as a crime. these cases are criminal proceedings
Term
mala in se
Definition
crimes that are inherently evil
ex)murder, rape, etc.
Term
mala prohibita
Definition
these are crimes because a statute says so
ex) DUI, traffic violations
Term
common law crimes
Definition
judge-made law, the original source of law, in which one judge's court opinions formed the law, many are outdated.
ex)texas sodomy laws
Term
state criminal code
Definition
laws set by the state
Term
model penal code
Definition
40 states that have similar definitions for crimes
Term
municipal ordinances
Definition
laws created by the city
Term
administrative agency crimes
Definition
regulations to protect citizens from environment (CSMMA)
Term
preponderance of the evidence
Definition
a more likely than not burden of proof on government in crimes to prove (51%)
Term
beyond a reasonable doubt
Definition
99% burden of proof, used in criminal cases
Term
criminal liability equation
Definition
actus reus (physical action)+ mens rea (mental state)+ absence of a defense
Term
elements of a case brief
Definition
1.facts
2.procedural history
3.issue
4.holding/rule
5.analysis
6.concurrence
7.dissent
Term
ex-post facto law
Definition
1. criminalizes an act that was not a crime when it was committed
2. increases punishment for a crime after that crime was committed
3. takes away a defense that was available to a defendant when a crime was committed
Term
void for vagueness doctrine
Definition
the principle that statutes violate due process if they don't define a crime and its punishment clearly enough for ordinary people to know what is lawful
ex) new jersey made it illegal to be a gangster
Term
two evils of vague laws
Definition
fail to give warning/"fair notice"
allow arbitrary and discriminatory law enforcement
Term
void for overbreadth doctrine
Definition
protects speech guaranteed by the first amendment by invalidating laws written so broadly that the fear of prosecution creates a "chilling effect" that discourages people from exercising that freedom
Term
equal protection doctrine
Definition
1. don't have to treat everyone exactly alike
2. different treatment must be reasonable
3. rational basis: maternity leave men v women
Term
first amendment
Definition
Prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances
Term
second amendment
Definition
Protects the right of individuals to keep and bear arms. The Supreme Court of the United States has ruled that the right vests in individuals, not merely collective militias, while also ruling that the right is not unlimited and does not prohibit all regulation of either firearms or similar devices
Term
eighth amendment
Definition
Prohibits the federal government from imposing excessive bail, excessive fines or cruel and unusual punishments, including torture.
Term
right to a trial by jury
Definition
Is a legal proceeding in which a jury either makes a decision or makes findings of fact, which then direct the actions of a judge AMENDMENT 6/7
Term
criminal sentencing rules
Definition
penalty must meet the crime AMENDMENT 8
Term
apprendi rule
Definition
any fact that increases the penalty beyond maximum sentencing must be proven by a jury
Term
constitutional right to privacy
Definition
bans all governmental invasions of the sanctity of a man's home and the privacies of life
Term
fundamental right to privacy
Definition
a right that requires the government to prove that a compelling interest justifies invading it
Term
third amendment
Definition
bans on the quartering of soldiers in private hoomes
Term
fourth amendment
Definition
right to be secure in one's person, house, papers, and effects from unreasonable searches
Term
ninth amendment
Definition
the enumeration in the constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the poeple
Term
fifth and fourteenth amendment
Definition
due process right to liberty
Term
abuse of discretion standard
Definition
can't get an unfavorable ruling if judge doesn't say, like your father
Term
actus reus
Definition
the requirement that all crimes have to include a voluntary criminal act, which is the physical element and the first principle of criminal liability
Term
mens rea
Definition
criminal intent, the mental element in crime
Term
elements of a crime
Definition
1. a criminal act (all crimes)
2. criminal intent (in some crimes)
3. concurrence (in all crimes)
4. attendant circumstances (in some crimes)
5. causation
Term
conduct crimes
Definition
require a criminal act triggered by criminal intent
Term
criminal act
Definition
voluntary bodily movements
Term
concurrence
Definition
the principle of criminal liability that requires that a criminal intent has to trigger the criminal act
Term
attendant circumstances
Definition
a circumstance connected to an act, an intent, and/or a bad result
Term
result crimes
Definition
crimes that include:
1. a voluntary act
2. the mental element
3. circumstancial elements
4. causation and
5. criminal harm
Term
manifest criminality
Definition
requirement that mental attitudes have to turn into deeds for a crime to be committed
Term
voluntariness requirement
Definition
only voluntary acts qualify as actus reus
1. criminal law punishes people
2. only punish people who we can blame
3. only blame people responsible for acts
4. people only responsible for voluntary acts
Term
one-voluntary-act-is-enough-rule
Definition
if any one part of the crime (raising the gun, etc.) is voluntary, then accidentally pulling the trigger does not become an excuse
Term
status crimes
Definition
being a hooker or a gangster is not a crime. prostitution or racketeering are crimes
Term
crimes of omission
Definition
not doing something that law requires you do something
ex)doctor sees someone in need and does not help
Term
types of crimes of omission
Definition
1. failure to report (sex offender status, etc)
2. failure to intervene (lifeguard, law enforcement, parent, etc)
Term
american bystander rule
Definition
no duty to help someone in need
Term
crimes of possession
Definition
possession qualifies as a criminal act
Term
actual possession
Definition
actually have it on person
Term
constructive possession
Definition
in dresser, not on you
Term
joint possession
Definition
ex) on dashboard, both know about it
Term
knowing possession
Definition
know what you have
Term
mere possession
Definition
have it but don't know what it is ex) bath salts
Term
mens rea
Definition
mental state of the crime
Term
MPC's list of 4 mental states
Definition
purposely, knowingly, recklessly, and negligently
Term
purposely
Definition
the most blameworthy mental state, "you did it on purpose"
Term
knowingly
Definition
aware conduct is criminal or leads to some harm, "awareness"
Term
recklessly
Definition
consciously disregarding substantial and unjustifiable risk that an average law abiding citizen wouldn't disregard
Term
negligently
Definition
person should have been aware that substantial risk could result from conduct but was not, also an average law abiding person would have
Term
strict liability
Definition
liability without mens rea(ex: traffic violations, stat rape)
Term
general intent
Definition
the intent to commit the criminal act as defined in a statute
Term
specific intent
Definition
subjective fault, it refers to criminal intent in addition to the criminal act
\
Term
general intent plus
Definition
general intent=actus reus of the crime, and the plus= some special mental element in addition to the intent
Term
concurrence
Definition
mens rea triggers actus reus
important that you can have the mens rea to injure but have the actus reus of murder
Term
causation
Definition
holding an actor criminally responsible for the results of their conduct
Term
factual cause
Definition
if it weren't for an actor's cause, the result wouldn't have occurred
Term
legal cause (proximate cause)
Definition
a cause where an act is directly connected with the resulting injury, with no intervening force
Term
superceding cause
Definition
an intervening act or force that the law considers sufficient to override the cause for which the original wrongdoer was responsible
Term
mistake
Definition
a defense wherever the mistake prevents the formation of any fault based mental attitude. raises reasonable doubt that the mens rea ever occurred
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