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| An ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on a sharply limited government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in the moral and social spheres |
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| An ideology that is dominated by concerns for the environment but also promotes grassroots democracy, social justice, equal opportunity, nonviolence, respect for diversity, and feminism |
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| Repression of attitudes, speech, and writings that are deemed racist, sexist, homophobic, or otherwise “insensitive” |
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| The collapse of communism and the worldwide movement toward free markets and political democracy |
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| System of government involving collective or government ownership of economic enterprise, with the goal being equality of results, not merely equality of opportunity |
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| System of government in which a single party controls all means of production and distribution of goods and services |
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| The theories of Vladimir Lenin, among them that advanced capitalist countries turned toward war and colonialism to make their own workers relatively prosperous |
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| The theories of Karl Marx, among them that capitalists oppress workers and that worldwide revolution and the emergence of a classless society are inevitable |
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| Political ideology in which the state and/or those of a certain race are assumed to be supreme over individuals |
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| A belief in a strong government to provide economic security and protection for civil rights, combined with a freedom from government intervention in social conduct |
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| A belief in free markets, limited government, and individual self-reliance in economic affairs, combined with a belief in the value of tradition, law, and morality in social affairs |
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| Salience Hypothesis of Gender |
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Definition
| theory says gender differences in party identification and voting result from the relative importance that men and women assign to issues. |
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Definition
-family
-schools
-peers and community
-religion
-media |
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The conscious and unconscious transmission of culture and values from one generation to another.
A process through which people learn political information, form political knowledge, and develop political values |
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| A consistent set of fundamental beliefs about the proper purpose and scope of government |
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| The set of economic, political, and governmental values and beliefs that support political institutions, processes and practices, and belief systems |
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| pluralistic view of public opinion |
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| Believes that citizens should be informed and should participate in democratic decision making to ensure the health and vitality of the system |
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| elitist view of public opinion |
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| Believes that complex decisions need to be made free of public pressure. The masses should be “spectators” in the process |
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| A budget written in such a way that items in the budget are identified according to the functions and programs they are to be spent on |
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| non-programmatic budgeting |
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| Budgeting written in an intentionally ambiguous manner in order to obscure policy decisions behind meaningless phrases like “personnel sevices,” “travel,” “supplies,” etc. |
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| Method of budgeting that demands justification for the entire budget request of an agency, not just its requested increase in funding |
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| Method of budgeting that focuses on requested increases in funding for existing programs, accepting as legitimate their previous year’s expenditures |
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| Programs such as unemployment insurance, disaster relief, or disability payments that provide benefits to all eligible citizens |
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| The portion of the federal budget that is spent on programs, such as Social Security, that the president and Congress are unwilling to cut |
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| Congressional bill that provides money for programs authorized by Congress |
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| Actual dollar amounts to be spent by the federal government in a fiscal year |
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| Feature of some appropriations acts by which an agency is empowered to enter into contracts that will require the government to make payments beyond the fiscal year in question |
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| Congressional bill that authorizes government agencies to keep spending money for a specified period at the same level as in the previous fiscal year; passed when Congress is unable to enact final appropriations measures by October 1 |
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| Act of Congress that establishes a government program and defines the amount of money it may spend |
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Definition
General statutory language can become the basis for the bureaucracy’s development of its own precise rules, a form of agency-created law called regulations, which govern the topics under a particular agency’s jurisdiction
Statutes also specify the procedures that agencies must use in developing regulations |
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formal method
(bureaucracy and info) |
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Definition
| Committee proceedings or requests for reports and documents to be supplied by government agencies |
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informal method
(bureaucracy and info) |
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| Legislative staffers or members of Congress contact agency officials with questions |
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interest groups
Congress members Bureaucratic ____________________leaders & experts |
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| advantages of Bureaucracy |
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Definition
-Standardization
-Expertise and Competence
-Accountability
-Coordination |
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| Federal Emergency Management Agency |
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Definition
| authorized the EPA to set purity standards |
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| Organizations with a hierarchical structure and specific responsibilities, which operate on management principles intended to enhance efficiency and effectiveness |
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| four types of organizational entities in Bureaucracy |
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Definition
-Departments
-Independent agencies
-Independent regulatory commissions
-Government corporations |
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| models for running white house staff |
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Definition
-competitive
-hierarchical
-collegial |
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| qualities for presidential greatness |
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Definition
Vision
-Pragmatism
-Consensus Building
-Charisma
-Trustworthiness |
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Term
| foreign policy tools of president |
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Definition
Appointing ambassadors
Receiving ambassadors
Treaties
Executive Agreements
Fast-track trade authority
Meeting with foreign leaders to forge ties and make formal alliances |
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Definition
| The number of residents per district |
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| Unequal numbers of people in legislative districts resulting in inequality of voter representation |
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Definition
| The allocation of legislative seats to jurisdictions based on population |
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| The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population |
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| The assigning by Congress of congressional seats after each census. State legislatures reapportion state legislative districts |
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Definition
| Splitting up groups of voters so they do not constitute a majority in any district |
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| Lumping opposition voters in one area |
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Definition
Section One: bicameral legislature
Section Two: length of terms for House members and qualifications for service
Section Three: selection of senators, length of terms
Section Four: congressional election process
Section Seven: how a bill becomes a law
Section Eight: powers of the legislative branch |
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| models and nature of representation |
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Definition
-delegate
-trustee
-politico
-conscience |
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delegate model
(nature of representation) |
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Definition
| Legislators must “act in the same manner as the whole body would act, were they present” -Thomas Paine (1776) |
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trustee model
(nature of representation) |
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Definition
| The legislator should consider the will of the people, but then should do what he or she thinks is best for the nation as a whole and in the long term |
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politico model
(nature of representation) |
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Definition
| The legislator should be a trustee and vote how he sees fit until the public gets involved, at which point he should return to the delegate mode |
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conscience model
(nature of representation) |
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Definition
| The legislator is a delegate most of the time, but if an issue keeps her head off the pillow at night, she turns into a trustee |
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Term
| strategies used by suffragists |
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Definition
-Formed organizations like the National Woman Suffrage Association
-Lobbying
-Education through publications and speeches
-Civil disobedience
-State-wide ballots |
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Definition
The government need only show a substantial justification, rather than a compelling reason, to explain the differential treatment of men and women
cases gender discrimination alleging |
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Definition
The government must show a compelling justification for any laws, policies, or practices that result in racial discrimination
cases alleging discrimination by race or national origin |
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Definition
| upheld a statute prohibiting women from becoming licensed attorneys in Illinois |
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| Segregation and discrimination mandated by state and local laws |
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| Segregation and discrimination enforced through informal and semi-formal norms and practices |
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| The government takes direct action to reduce economic disparities between citizens |
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Definition
| The government seeks to eliminate some discriminatory barriers to education, employment, and public accommodation |
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Definition
The word “privacy” does not appear
in the Constitution
However, in 1965, Supreme Court determined that the right to privacy existed as an “unstated element” in several rights in the Bill of Rights |
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Definition
| Under this rule, evidence that is obtained improperly by the police cannot be used to prosecute someone accused of a crime |
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separationist
interpretation of Establishment Clause |
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Definition
| Government must avoid contacts with religion, especially those that lead to government support or endorsement of religious activities |
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accomodationist
interpretation of Establishment Clause |
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Definition
| Would permit the government to provide support for religion and associated activities |
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Definition
| The Supreme Court rules against the use of prior restraint of publications that criticize the government |
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| When people take an action designed to communicate an idea |
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Definition
In 1965, Tinker wore a black armband to school in order to express opposition to the Vietnam War and was suspended
Supreme Court decided 7-2 that the school had violated her First Amendment rights |
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| clear and present danger test |
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Definition
| Would permit prosecution only for speeches and publications that actually posed a tangible, immediate threat to American society |
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Definition
| Freedom of religion, speech, press, petition, and assembly |
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| quartering soldiers in private houses |
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| due process -- self-incrimination |
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| Excessive bail & fines; cruel & unusual punishment |
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| Citizenship, state due process, state equal protection, applies Bill of Rights to the States |
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| Bill of Rights doesn’t apply to states--only federal government |
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| concerned with questions of equal status and treatment |
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| concerned with questions of the freedoms and due process provided by the Bill of Rights |
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