The formal act of acquiring something by conquest or occupation.

Ex: America conquered by Britain. 

A legal system that was the physical seperation of different races into different geographic areas.

Significance: Causes these different races to be indifferent of eachother, and sparking up racism.

Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities.

Ex: Splitting up of India into India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

An economic union in Western Europe that comprises three neighboring countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.

Significance: Help eachother to make a stand on issues in their communities.

A city with political and economic control over the surrounding countryside.

Ex: Ancient Greece and Thebes.

Exploitation by a stronger country or weaker one.

Ex: The French settling into America before it was established to trade their fur coats with the Native Americans.

When a good or idea that was previously not regarded as an object to be of importance but then turned into something that has a particular price that can be traded in a market economy.

Ex: A plastic cup Elvis Presley drank from.

A form of an international organization that brings several autonomous states together for a common purpose.

Significance: Forms a strong alliance that can be very useful in fighting for a claim.

The action of changing from colonial to independent status.

Ex: America ripping apart from British control to become independent.

The process where regions within a state demand and gain political strength and power in government.

Ex: The _________ revolution, in which Reagan campaigned for the presidency promising to curb the size and influence of the federal government.

The theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Significance: Can help in predictions of how a communist nation will affect the world.

Different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions. Regions that hold seats in Parliament or Congress.

Ex: Great Britain.

An international organization of European countries formed after World War ll to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Significance: Very efficient in the aspect of economy.

An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government. 

Ex: US government.

Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.

Ex: Brazil's capital, Brasilia, which was moved from the outside of the state to the center to minimize the amount of immigrants coming into the city and getting jobs.

A zone seperating two states in which neither excercises political control. 

Ex: Arabian Peninsula, where Saudi Arabia is seperated from Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen, making the area between them neutral.

The study of the effects of economic geography on the powers of the state.

Ex: Nigeria has had a history of military rule that has capitalized on the oil found in the Delta region.

To divide a geographic area into voting districts so as to give unfair advantage to one party in elections.

Significance: Is extremely unfair and unjust.

Those parts of our environment available to everyone but for which no single individual has responsibility.

Ex: The atmosphere, fresh water, forests, wildlife, and ocean fisheries.

States with a lot of immigrants.

Ex: Australia and Canada, and mostly the USA.

The doctrine that territory should be controlled by the country to which they are ethnically or historically related.

Ex: Cyprus, Turkey claims it because throughout most history a Turkish state has controlled the island and because of cultural and ethnic difference from the Turkish.

An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the mid-point between two places.

Ex: Original Czeckoslavakia splitting in half forming the presently known Czeck Republic and Slovakia.

State that contains two or more ethnic groups with traditions of self- determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities.

Ex: In the US the christians get along with the jews and muslims.

A culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals.

Ex: The Flemish and the Walloons in the country of Belgium (have similar language, religion, and customs.)

Clearly defined territory, substantial population, well-organized government, shared political and cultural history.

Ex: Japan

Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people.

Ex: Minnesota might lose one seat in the house after the next census because we are not growing fast enough.

The act of coming together again.

Ex: East and West Germany seperated but then rejoined.

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will.

Significance: Shows stability.

Government free from external control.

Significance: Shows power of government

A recognized politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government.

Ex: Bolivia

A nationality that is not represented by a state.

Ex: Palestinians in conflict with Israel over territory. Kurds being virtually independent.

A venture involving 3 or more national states political economic or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives.

Ex: The European Union

A fundamental aspect of human behavior and refers to the need to lay claim to the spaces we occupy and the things we own.

Significance: Makes us greedy and selfish.

An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials.

Ex: The U.S. government

A sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources.

Ex: Debate over who has control of the resources in the Caspian Sea.

Nation stretches across borders and across state.

Ex: US, Canada, Russia, Iran

An Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit.

Ex: Province in Canada.

A city which is greater than two times the next largest city in a nation. Is very expressive of the national culture and often the capital city.

Ex: Paris.

Country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country; an ______ is geographically seperated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.

1. A right or privelage granted to a person or group by a government. Ex: Right given to all African Americans to hold a job.

2. The civil right to vote. Sig: Important in the US because in 1920 women were given right to vote.

State or territory that is small in both populations and area.

Ex: Vaticn City, Monaco...

Boundary Disputes:

a. Definitional

b. Locational  

c. Operational

 d. Allocational

a. Conflict over the language of the border agreement in a treaty or boundary contract.

b. Territorial dispute along the edge of two neighboring  land owners.

c. Boundaries that move according to operations or functions.        d. Dispute over locations and resources.

Boundary Origins:

a. Antecedent

b. Subsequent

c. Superimposed

d. Relic          

a. A boundary that existed before the cultural landscape emerged and stayed in place while people moved in to occupy the surrounding area.

b. A boundary that developed with the evolution of the cultural landscape and is adjusted as the cultural landscape changes.

c. A boundary political boundary placed by a powerful outsiders on a developed human landscape.

d. A political boundary that has ceased to function but the imprint of which can still be detected on the cultural landscape.

Boundary Processes:

a. Defenition

b. Delimitation

c. Demarcation

a. Phase in which the exact location of a boundary is legally described and negotiated.

b. Phase in which a boundary's definition is drawn onto a map.

c. Phase in which the boundary is visibly marked on the landscape by a fence, line, sign, wall or other means.

Boundary Types:

a. Natural/Physical

b. Ethnographic/Cultural

c. Geometric

a. When a physical feature such as a mountain or river determine a political boundary.

b. When the boundary coincides with differences in ethnicity, especially language and religion.

c. Political boundaries defined and delimited as straight lines or arcs.

Territorial Morphology:

a. Compact

b. Fragmented

c. Elongated

d. Prorupt

e. Perforated

a. Distance from the center to any boundary doesn't varu significantly. Ex: Hungary and Switzerland.

b. Several discontinuous pieces of territory. Ex: Bahamas and Japan.

c. States with a long, narrow shape. Ex: Chile.              

d. A state that completely surrounds another. Ex: Burma, Namibia, and Thailand.

e. A compact state with a large, elongated piece attached. Ex: South Africa and Italy.