Term
| What's the definition of ethnicity ? |
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Definition
| An identity that draws from the cultural characteristics of an ethnic group which can include multiple elements. |
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Term
| What are the elements of an ethnic group ? |
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Definition
| concept of common ancestry, historical memories, some kind of common culture, attachment to a homeland;either to settle or ancestral , feel solidarity with fellow group members. |
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Term
| What do different theoretical notions help us to do ? |
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Definition
| Different theoretical approaches help us understand different facets of cultural and political behavior. |
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Term
| What is Patterns of Causation ( Causality) ? |
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Definition
| the relation between an event (the cause) and a second event (the effect), where the second event is understood as a consequence of the first |
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Term
| What is a dependent variable (DV) ? |
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Definition
| A variable whose value depends on that of another. It's the things/people/group we are trying to explain. For example: Let's say the question is " Why do African-Americans vote democratic?" So, our D.V. would be African Americans. You just gotta think about what makes what happen. |
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Term
| What is an independent variable (I.V.) ? |
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Definition
| A variable whose variation does not depend on that of another. for ex: The war is because of religion. Our I.V. would be religion. independent variables are often denoted by X, and dependent variables are often denoted by y . |
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Term
| What are the 4 approaches to ethnicity ? |
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Definition
| Instrumentalism, Constructivism, Institutionalism, and Essentialism. (ICIE InCoInEs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ascriptive characteristics , they feel like conflict is caused by historical enmities. ("ancient hatreds" ). Essentialists feel like "we are born with these differences. They are ascribed to us by birth. |
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Term
| What is the whole idea of a "common kinship' , and which approach to ethnicity does it come from ? |
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Definition
| Ethnicity gets people to unite with people they don't even know , but they might because of their shared identity. |
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Term
| Which group assumes that a historical record exists between ancient groups ? |
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Definition
| Essentialists. It's that ancient-hatred term. |
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Term
| Which group thinks of ethnicity as a historical memory that divides people ? |
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Definition
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Term
| To primordial scholars, what role does ethnicity pay ? |
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Definition
| To primordial scholars, ethnicity is the biggest factor to them when breaking down groups, and predicting stuff. They use their predictions based on ethnic demography. They believe that ethnicity is the reason for all occurences. |
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Term
| Essentialists feel like ethnic groups have an emotional bond to one another, but what is it that they cannot explain ? |
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Definition
| Essentialists/Primordialists cannot explain why some groups fight in certain areas, but not in others. For ex: how blacks/whites get along in other regions, but not in America. |
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Term
| Which group focuses on what divides people, instead of what brings people together ? |
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Definition
| Essentialist/Primordialists |
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Term
| What is instrumentalism ? |
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Definition
| Instrumentalists feel that ethnic mobilization is a tool for the political elites to pursue interests. It's elite, rather than mass driven. |
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Term
| Which group is considered to utilize the concept of " Acynical manipulation of a mass population's ethnic diversity" ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does an Instrumentalists feel like ethnicity exists ? |
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Definition
| Instrumentalists feel like ethnicity exists because of the political interests of the elites, and elite manipulation. |
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Term
| Jack Snyder is very much a what ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which group feels like political elites have an enormous amount of power to determine the importance of ethnicity ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Unlike Essentialists/Primordialists , what can instrumentalists do ? |
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Definition
| Instrumentalists can give an explanation for variation whereas essentialists cannot. |
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Term
| Which one of the 4 approaches is very easy to measure ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It's typically used to describe the D.V. "why does ethnicity exist?" . Kind of seeming like society is shaping us ,because we must assimilate to the dominant ethnicity. |
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Term
| Which one of the approaches is a good way to explain why ethnicity exists ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which group feels as if modern capitalism contributed to the development of ethnicity and nationalist expectations ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What has a long time of explaining why ethnicity is important now and then ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A person's identity is transformed into something else. |
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Term
| Which group best helps us to better understand the process of assimilation ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do constructivists scholars really want assimilation to happen though ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is institutionalism ? |
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Definition
| Institutionalists would say that there's not a direct arrow between ethnic conflict, and ethnic diversity. They feel like there are a lot of intervening variables. |
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Term
| Which group feels like , "If you have the right political institutions, then you can avoid/midigate ethnic conflicts" ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which groups feels that if you have a democracy, there will be less conflicts ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do institutonals feel like political institutions can always do ? |
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Definition
| they feel like political institutions can always intervene in order to change a predicted outcome. |
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Term
| Which group feels as if political structures/institutions have the most control on the outcomes in the state ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are political institutions ? |
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Definition
| orgs or entitites that are self-perpetuating , and add predicatability to politics. ( self perpetuating example:we know we have to vote for our president every 4 years in november ) |
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Term
| What are the 2 main territorial structures ? |
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Definition
| federalism and unitary systems . |
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Term
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Definition
| political system divided amongst regions/states . Power is meaningfully divided in these systems. States have power, there is a decentralized government. |
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Term
| What is a unitary system ? |
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Definition
| A system where gov't authority is centralized. We usually measure this by who has the power to tax. |
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Term
| What are the two different electoral systems ? |
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Definition
| PR- Proportional Representation , and SMD- Single Member District System |
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Term
| We want to design a political institution to achieve what type of outcomes in a state ? |
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Definition
| Outcomes such as : representative, stable, flexible, and governable. |
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Term
| Which electoral system is the "first past the post' concept present in ? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many parties will a Single member district result in ? |
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Definition
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Term
| some people feel like the more political parties you have, then the what ? |
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Definition
| the harder it is to govern the state . |
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Term
| What are the two executive systems ? |
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Definition
| Presidential system , and Parliamentary system. |
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Term
| In any presidential system, who is the executive leader ? |
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Definition
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Term
| In any parliamentary system , who is the executive leader / |
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Definition
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Term
| In any SMD electoral system , it always results in how many political parties ? |
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Definition
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Term
| In any PR electoral system, it always results in how many political parties ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who can veto a law? a prime minister or a president ? |
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Definition
| only a president can veto a law,. a prime minister cannot. |
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Term
| what's an example of a parliamentary with a smd ? |
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Definition
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Term
| what's an example of a presidential with a smd ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's an example of a presidential with a pr ? |
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Definition
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Term
| in which type of system are coalitions governments created ? |
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Definition
| in a parliamentary system with a PR |
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Term
| What is gellener's definition of nationalism ? |
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Definition
| Conception that the political unit and the cultural unit should be congruent. |
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Term
| What is Snyder's definition of nationalism ? |
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Definition
| the doctrine that a people who see themselves as distinct in their culture, history, institutions, or principles should rule themselves in a political system that expresses and protects those distinctive characteristics. |
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Term
| How do ethnic groups become nations according to Barany ? |
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Definition
| Barany says that The society/group must have certain characteristics critical for mobilization. |
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Term
| How do ethnic groups become nations according to both Snyder and Barany ? |
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Definition
| State contexts provide opportunities for ethnic mobilization and conflict. |
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Term
| Overall , how do ethnic groups become nations ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Snyder's Process of Democratization / his independent variable? |
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Definition
| Snyder has a logical process. 1) political elites use democratic process to manipulate masses to mobilize votes. ( But Snyder says: political leaders use ethnic mobilization as a way to monopolize power. But he's an instrumentalists, so of course he feels that way.)@) mass media, permitted freely in democratic regimes, becomes a technological tool for mass communication and thus mobilization |
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Term
| What are Barany's views ? His independent variables ? |
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Definition
| Barany feels as if political opportunity is provided by the state structure in the form of regime change. Barany feels as if it takes more than just political opportunity. His i.v. is basically based on the characteristics of the group itself. |
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Term
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Definition
| a mechanism of organizing power inside of a state. |
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Term
| What is the main characteristic of a democratic regime ? |
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Definition
| Free, fair, competitive elections , where ppl can select hpolitical decision makers. |
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Term
| What is "the stateness problem" |
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Definition
| when groups inside the population reject the territory of the state. Politics by consent is difficult to construct if territory of state is disputed. It's an issue of regime transformation. |
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Term
| Name some different types of regimes. |
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Definition
| authoritarian , democratic, totalitarian, etc. |
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Term
| What's a current example of the stateness problem ? |
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Definition
| the current democratization in Iraq. As the system transforms into a democratic regime, we can predict a stateness problem. |
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Term
| What's a way to avoid the stateness problem ? |
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Definition
| One way to avoid the stateness problem is to give some ppl some power to their own governance over their territory. Find cooperative ways to get them to want to stay within the state. |
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Term
| What's the idea behind the stateness problem ? |
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Definition
| The idea is that multiple ethnic groups will hurt democracy. It will be much harder to create a nation-state here. When a place is undergoing regime transformation, diversity hurts democracy. |
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Term
| According to Snyder, does diversity hurt democracy ? |
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Definition
| Yes , under the right circumstances. |
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Term
| According to Barany , does diversity hurt democracy ? |
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Definition
| Political opportunity for mobilization exists during regime change, but that is not a sufficient condition. |
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Term
| According to Linz and Stepan , does diversity hurt democracy ? |
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Definition
| Not necessarily, if the correct institutions are put into place. |
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Term
| According to Fish and Brooks, does diversity hurt democracy ? |
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Definition
| No, because other factors are more determinant in this situation. |
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Term
| As ethnic diversity increases, the quality of democracy does what ? |
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Definition
| the quality of democracy decreases. |
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Term
| Which scholars agree that as ethnic diversity increases the quality of democracy decreases ? |
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Definition
| Jack Snyder , Barrany , and Linz/Stepan. Brooks and Fish do NOT. |
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Term
| Why do Brooks/Fish disagree with the statement that "as ethnic diversity increases, the quality of democracy decreases" ? |
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Definition
| They feel like it's waay too simplistic. They feel like what about ethnic diversity ? economic development ? oil states ? islamic ? former british colonies ? Brooks and Fish feel like there are so many other relevant factors that can contribute to the dependent variable of the quality of democracy. |
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Term
| On a graph of does diversity hurt democracy , describe would it would look like ,and it's outcomes . |
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Definition
| Ethnic diversity ( the iv , is on the X axis ) ,and quality of democracy ( the d.v. is on th Y-axis). The graph shows that as ethnic diversity increases, the quality of democracy decreases. |
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Term
| What does Lijphart feel that we can do in terms of designing multi-ethnic democracies ? |
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Definition
| Lijphart feels that group autonomy and powersharing is important. Lijphart feels as if " we can fix it with institutions!" . |
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Term
| What are some good things to have when deigning a multi-ethnic democracy? |
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Definition
| List p.r. electoral system ,smaller districts, parliamentary, executive powersharing, federalism, and non-territorial autonomy. |
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Term
| Wat did the Lithuania and Russia study show ? |
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Definition
| that demography matters , and that institutions matter. Ethnic diversity does NOT always cause party fragmentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| minimum percent of seats required for representation in a p.r. system. |
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Term
| What's the Linz/Stepan take on federalism ? |
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Definition
| The whole demos-constraining, and emos-enabling concept. The coming together ( like U.S.) versus the Holding together (like spain/india) aspect. |
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Term
| Which country uses asymmetrical federalism to engage ethnic minorities ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is asymmetrical federalism ? |
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Definition
| one or more of the states has considerably more autonomy than the other substates, although they have the same constitutional status. The division of powers between substates is not symmetric |
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Term
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Definition
| the right or condition of self-government |
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Term
| Linz/Stepan feel that demos-enabling does what ? |
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Definition
| demos-enabling federalism helps maintain unity. Demos-constraining implies problems for stateness. |
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