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| coined in 1970s to explain negative things when watching TV; by broadcasting negativity/confrontation, people think that’s what politics is; lowers trust in government because the norm is civility; political incivility- disagreement in uncomfortable and lowers evaluations of political leaders; TV incivility- dramatic coverage of disagreement takes center stage, game schema coverage, negative public attitudes result |
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| Relative entertainment preference- |
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| Prior—test to connect TV choice to voter turnout; people choose entertainment TV over news when given the choice |
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| Patterson- on the rise; cynicism; attack journalism; lowers trust; journalists are ruining democracy; provides context and analysis |
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| Iyengar and Kinder- when evaluating complex political objects, citizens don’t consider all that they know, just bits and pieces of political memory that are accessible; Step 1- the prime activates knowledge; Step 2- when asked for evaluation, the activated knowledge will have disproportionate weight in that evaluation |
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| Gadarian- emotionally powerful images or terrorism cue public to support hawkish foreign policy; conditional on individuals’ level of concern over terrorism; media environment influences foreign policy attitudes through providing information and evoking emotion; threats shape perceptions and frames matter |
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| government official’s frame issues; presidential management important; journalists follow professional norms, have sources; coverage follows institutional debate; indexing comes about because actors pursue strategic and professional aims; limits mass level debates when no elite debates; for foreign policy coverage; fails when there is manipulation of sources by presidential administration; those issues and views that are subject to high-level political debate are most likely to receive news attention that is wide-ranging; issues not subject to debate receive less critical attention; ; ex: Ferguson debate |
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| how citizens understand an issue; which features are central and peripheral is reflected in how the issue is framed—Daddy party is republicans (security, law and order, national defense) and mommy party is democrats (social issues) |
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| tell stories to appeal to people; people can learn from soft news- Oprah |
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| dramatic coverage of disagreement takes center stage, game schema coverage, negative public attitudes result; lowers trust in government because people think that’s what politics is; violates norms and expression of opposing views |
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| by covering some issues and ignoring others, the media influence which issues people view as important; focus of publics attention- amount of media coverage drastically affects the importance the public assigns to the issues but the reverse is less affective |
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| - theory that CNN affects foreign policy; variety of definitions of ways that TV news can influence foreign policy itself or foreign policy opinion; variety of definitions, methodologies obscures findings; no clear, consistent evidence that TV news exposure causes policy change but may reflect policy changes in process; correlation isn’t equal to causation (Gilboa); media coverage doesn’t cause policy changes, may speed it up |
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| Patterson; reform-minded journalism that continued the tradition of investigative reporting; expose social ills and corruption |
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| interpretive journalism, cynicism, lowers trust with government and media; campaign coverage—Paterson—journalists interpret officials instead of letting them speak for themselves—decrease trust in reporters and government. |
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| Paterson; old campaign coverage; newspapermen go along with candidate—wire services; journalism that is practiced by reporters in a group and that is marked by uniformity of news coverage and lack of original thought or initiative |
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| attention is cyclical; conflict and displacement; alarmed discovery; euphoric enthusiasm for problem; inattention; a systematic cycle of heightening public interest; how much public attention is needed for affective change; by the time policies get passed, people are bored by it |
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| Iyengar- background and context on the issue; overrides individualism and work ethic values; societal responsibility |
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| specific incidents; individual responsibility- hurts accountability; reduces complex issues and shields society and government from responsibility; dominant |
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| Presidents and the media; promote their policies by appealing to the American public for support; popularity is an important bargaining advantage; damage control; ex: Obama’s job tour, blogging, online petitions, Facebook and twitter, call or write; increasing tendency to go public because change in DC environment, president selection process and increase in divided government; Kernell says to go public when bargaining cannot work—needs to be high salience and popular president |
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| responsibility attributions; causal responsibility; treatment responsibility; attributions shift based on info |
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| Zaller; likelihood of receiving a message increases with the more news you watch; more news you watch decreases the likelihood of yielding to a message- hostile media phenomenon, any 1 piece of information has a smaller affect; probability of persuasion- people who intake a middle amount of news most likely to be persuaded |
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| incivility—when people are angry and uncivil in politics it decrease trust; talk radio; tv incivility and outrage talk are similar; outrage talk is verbal competition where many emotional appeals in political arena and visceral responses; not a discussion but an argument |
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| levendusky reading- when people watch media that has counter attitudinal messages to what they believe; when viewers watch like-minded media that reinforces their attitudes, they become more extreme, effects concentrated among the more informed, engaged and extreme—affects those who are already away from the political center; for those who prefer cross-cutting media, it can moderate attitudes; increases attitude extremity and exacerbates elite polarization |
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| Institutionalized Pluralism- |
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| the recognition of the diversity within a political body to coexist-- bargaining strategy- emphasizes collation building; presidential power- power to bargain; consequences- logrolling, pork barrel spending, compromises for moderate outcomes; stable- public matters only in elections, seniority, reputation, reciprocity; strategies- unilateral action is costly, little going public |
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