Stages of Greek Development

(Chronological order and key facts)

1. Mycanean: 1900-1600 B.C. to 1100 B.C. : Group of People that speak greek and move into Greece; Palace Based.
2. Dark Ages: 1100-750 B.C. : Not sure how it took place; remaining use of Greek--taxes-bills-business
3. Archaic: 750-480 B.C. : trade occurs, developed customary laws (none written), polis, 3 dif gov't, monarchy, greek fought greek, polytheistic, develop literature and poetry, Homer dated around 700 B.C.
4. Classical: 480-425 B.C. : Greeks join together to destroy external enemies (Persian War), Age of Socrates/Plato, wealthy due to city-states (polis), Peloponnesian War

Poet of Archaic Period

Gives traditional moral values as we see them with the gods

The gods benefit the just and punish the unjust

Author of The Odyssey

Possibly was not one person

• city-state, church and state intertwined
• Men are citizens

• Greeks join together to defeat the Persians
• Classical Period begins

Historian of the Persian Wars

"Father of History"

First person who writes history

• Sparta vs Athens (fight between City-States)
• long lasting, 27 year war
• Sparta wins
• Bankrupt city-states

• Leader of Athens for a signifigant part of Peloponnesian War
• Considered one of the greatest leaders in Greek History
• made numerous reforms to make Greece more Democratic

Historian of Peloponnesian War

First realist historian

• Wandering teachers: instruct redderick--persuasive speaking/ public speaking-- and how to manipulate
• taught how to get power and what you want; instructed it's okay to decieve and manipulate--it's not wrong because everyone tries to do it
• Say that by nature we are selfish
• Human beings created laws to punish people, and created laws so people won't do things in secret: God is watching

• Sophist
• First to acknowledge that he's a Sophist (moderate)
• "man is the measure of all things"
• Agnostic: unsure if the gods exist or not

• Radical Sophist
• "Might makes Right" --most powerful will determine the way it works
• Different societies make different moral values
• mentioned in The Republic

• Believes morality is an arrangement
• The contract: Human laws, I won't hurt you if you don't hurt me
• People are only just with reluctance; the ulitmate nature of human beings is to be very jealous

• Believes in universal values and truths
• "knowledge is virtue"-- if you truly know the good, you will be good
• model of ideal behavior in the face of Justice against bad people
• better to be just than not just

1. The subject has some belief about a given moral question
2. Through the elenchos (making them think for themselves) Socrates shakes this belief
3. The subject realizes that he does not know waht he thought he knew
4. The subject begins to search for moral knowledge
5. The subject arrives at new moral opinions

Breakdown by Klosko

This is overall intended to stimulate independent thought

1. It is the most important part of a person, taking presedence over the body
2. It is that with which one thinks, and so the seat of the intellectual faculties
3. It is the seat of the moral faculties--the source of right and wrong behavior
4. It is the self, what I recognize as "I"

1. Gold: Ruling Class
2. Silver: Soldiers
3. Bronze: Producers (normal people)

• Maristocracy: You must accept your place in life as the gods assigned you

1. Wisdom: these rulers are there because they reason the best--The Ruling Class
2. Courage: The Military
3. Temperance: If the leaders are in charge and doing their job the whole society will have temperance-- The Rest of the People
4. Justice: how it can be defined to as "Minding your own business"

1. Reason: The Rulers
2. Courage to make the right decision: Soldiers
3. Instincts: Citizens

dominated by the people with personalities of being good to one another

JUST

• Once ideal state declines the first state to take over is the military
• dominant characteristic: courage--> instead dominated by ambition. Want Power and Honor.
• Soldiers take over and can't resist temptation

• Plutocracy-- Wealthy Families
• Dominated by Greed
• Human Society is plummeting downward, as would be seen by Plato

• Ruled by the common folk
• Lower than Oligarchy according to Plato
• Dominated by instinct and appetite
• unstable society that will evolve to a tyrant

• Dominated by all the appetites
• One Person with Total Power
• Only the psychologically insane would desire the life of a tyrant rather than being just

• people do not tolerate too much chaos and thus create a tyrant
• number of desires not good for us
• based on what group they're placed in and the chance of people being untalented
• Direct form: people making the decisions
• not enough discipline for positive freedom (the absence of internal restraints)
• based on Negative freedom
• The power depends on the people who are not fully educated to make their own decisions

• Another work by Plato
• Argues each gov't could be good for the gov't
• Public Good: 1) Monarchy 2) Aristocracy (ruled by best families) 3) Democracy (governed by mediocre)
• OWN Good: 6) Tyrant (one person ruling on behalf of themselves--the worst) 5) Oligarchy 4) Anarchy (least dangerous; Democracy with failure of talent)
• 7) Mixed Constitution-- combination of the one, the few, and the many--eventually evolves into Checks & Balances