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♥ Characteristic and deep-seated beliefs of a particular people; beliefs of a people about their government and politics ♥ American Ideals: Basis of our National Identity ♥ European Enlightenment thought and practice shaped beliefs
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♥ Individual is the cornerstone of society ♥ Government exists to serve the people ♥ Rights are not assigned to some, we all enjoy rights ♥ Bit of a conflict: History has told stories of those who were denied basic rights ♥ Libety: freedom to act and think as one chooses but no infrigement on freedom of others ♥ Equality: all individuals equal in worth, legal treatment, and political voice ♥ Popular Consent: people are ultimate source of governing authority
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♥ The idea that there are definable limits on the rightful power of a government over its citizens
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♥ Help define the boundaries of action ♥ Can't determine what people will do, but they do influence what what we consider reasonable ♥ Individualism important American Ideal ♥ Believe success is within reach of all ♥ Welfare: Support opportunity not necessarily welfare
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♥ High Ideals don't necessarily mean we always live up to them ♥ Slavery ♥ Immigration ♥ Different opinion of what ideals mean ♥ Regardless they have a strong impact ♥ struggle for more equal society
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♥ Process through which society makes its decisions ♥ It is a struggle for power: Who gets what, when and how ♥ The process through which society settles its conflicts
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♥ Sources ♥ Scarcity: There just isn't enough wealth ♥ Differences in Values: We see issues differently
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♥ People give up some of their rights to government and in turn government protects their interests
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♥ Monarch: One person possesses absolute authority over government ♥ Dictator: Sole ruler, but often arrives at power through violent overthrow of government ♥ Oligarchy: Government by a few
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♥ Communsim: Everyone shares in the production and distribution of goods ♥ Socialism: The government owns and controls most factories and much or all of the nation's land ♥ Capitalism: Individuals own the means of production and the distribution of goods |
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♥ Majoritarianism=majority determines public plicy ♥ Pluralsim=government ruled by groups (i.e. farmers, welfare advocates, lawyers, etc), not necessarily for the public benefit ♥ Elitism=a well-positioned few manipulate the political process ♥ Bureaucracy=power of high level administrators (e.g. HHS, Treasury, Justice Septs.)-->policy decisions
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♥ Individualistic: See the role of government as benefiting the individual rather than society generally ♥ Moralistic: Government is seen as a positive force to achieve common good for all citizens ♥ Traditionalistic: Role of government as maintaining the existing political order for the benefit of the elite
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♥ Individualistic-Traditionalistic ♥ Supports a conservative, limited government ♥ Power divided among elected officials ♥ Executive authority weak ♥ Little Regulation |
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♥ Plays role in politics ♥ Land important historically ♥ Cotton framing dominant in 1820s to 1860s ♥ Cattle after Civil War ♥ Oil mainstay in 20th century ♥ Past 30 to 40 years more economic diversity |
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♥ Last 30 years migration from other states ♥ 1970 population: 11.2 million ♥ 1990: 17 million ♥ 2000: 20.9 million
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♥ The power of courts to decide whether a governmental institution has acted within its constitutional powers and, if not, to declare its action null and void
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♥ The legal structure of a political system, establishing governmental bodies, granting their powers, determining how their members are selected, and prescribing the rules by which they make their decisions. Considered basic or fundatmental; cannot be changed by ordinary acts of governing bodies
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♥ The authority granted Congress in Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution "to make all laws which shall by necessary and proper" for the implementation of its enumerated powers
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♥ The elaborate system of divided spheres of authority provided by the U.S. Constitution as a means of controlling the power of government. The separation of powers among the branches of the national government, federalism, and the different methods of slecting national officers are all part of this system
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♥ A form of government in which the people govern, either directly or through elected representatives
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♥ Historically, the form of government in which reprsentative officials met to decide on policy issues ♥ These representatives were expected to serve the public interest but were not subject to the people's immediate control. ♥ Today the term is used interchangeably with democracy
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A governmental system in which authority is divided between two sovereign levels of fovernment:
♥ national
♥ regional |
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♥ A constitutional proposal for a strengthened Congress but one in which each state would have a single vote, thus granting a small state the same legislative power as a larger state
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♥ A constitutional proposal for a strong Congress with two chambers, both of which would be based on numerical representation, thus granting more power to the larger states
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♥ The agreement of the constitutional convention to create a two-chamer Congress with the House apportioned by population and the Senate apportioned equally by state
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♥ First 10 amendments ♥ Protects rights of citizens, such as: -Freedom of speech -Trial by jury of peers and legal counsel -Freedom of religion
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♥ Weakend Congress --> nation dissolving ♥ Farmers, led by Daniel Shays, marched to prevent foreclosures on their land and cattle ♥ Motivated Congress to meet in Philadelphia to revise Articles of Confederation
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Articles of Confederation
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♥ Adopted during the Revolutionary War ♥ Created weak national government ♥ States retained "sovereignty, freedom and independence" ♥ Prohibited Congress from interfering in states' commerce policy ♥ Prohibited Congress from taxation
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History of Texas Constitution |
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♥Seven Constitutions ♥Current 1876 ♥Backlast against reconstruction ♥Reconstruction government oppressive ♥Governor Edmund J. Davis |
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| Differences and Similarities between Texas and Federal Constitution |
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similarities- popular sovereignty,limited government, representative government, social contract Theory, and separation of powers. differences-U.S. is broad/general and Texas is detailed/statutory, Length-texas 100,000 words U.S. 7,000 words, Amendments- U.S. 27 Texas 439 Process-U.S. hard and Texas easy |
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State Constitutional Roles |
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They are responsible for all other governing functions, including oversight of public morals, education, and safety. |
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Federal Constitutional Roles |
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Its responsible for establishing a strong defense and for promoting a sound economy |
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These are the seventeen powers granted to the national government under Article 1, Section 8 of the constitution. Include Congress's power to regulate commerce among the states, to creata a national currency, and to borrow money. Also has the power to tax, combined with its authority to declare war and establish an army and navy. |
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The federal government's constitutional authority (through the "necessary and proper") to take action that is not expressly authorized by the Constitution but that supports actions that are so authorized. |
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also known as "necessary and proper" THe authority granted Congress in Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution " to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" for the implementation of its enumerated powers. |
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Dual-precise separation of national and state powers Cooperative-nation,state,and local work together to solve problems Coercive or Regulated-federal government threaten the states to take away money if didn't listen New Federalism-returned desicretion to states |
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Federal grants-in-aid to states and localities that can be used only for designated projects. |
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Federal grants-in-aid that permit state and local officials to decide how the money will be spent within a general area, such as education or health. |
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| When the feds give states money |
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Freedom of speech,press, assembly,petition, and religion. "Preferred Rights" |
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No police search unless probable cause that crime occurred. |
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Protection against double jeopardy. |
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The powers not delegated to the United states by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. |
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| Gave african americans the right to vote |
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| Gave women the right to vote |
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| The fundamental individual rights of a free society, such as freedom of speech and the right to a trial by jury, which in the U.S. are protected by the Bill of Rights |
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| Equal rights , the right of every person to equal protection under the laws and equal access to society's opportunities and public facilities. |
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The absorption of certain provisions of the bill of rights in the fourteenth amendment so that these rights are protected from infringement by the states. |
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1961 fight over unreasonable search and seizure, extended to state actions. It excludes evidence obtained illeagally in any case. |
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| 1963 Discussed a right to counsel....even poor people will be appointed a lawyer when in court. |
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| Ensure that arrested persons are informed of their rights to remain silent and to have legal counsel. |
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The right to privacy came from the 3rd, 4th, 5th amendment suggest a zone of privacy. Later 9th. Cannot lawfully be denied to any citizen. ♥Abortion ♥Contraception ♥Same Sex Relations |
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| Griswold v.s. Connecticut |
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| 1965 Court ruled citizens enjoy and implied right to privacy |
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Nationalization of Bill of Rights |
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Found in the 14th amendment, Selective incorporation: Selectively incorporate provisions of bill of rights into due process clause. |
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applies to race, ethnicity and used to suspect category-assumed unconstitutional in the absence of an overwhelming justification. Bill of Rights- 1st 10 amendments of the constitution |
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Brown v.s. Board of Education |
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Was where they were trying to get blacks equal rights. (1963) and one of the main leaders of this movement was Martin Luther King Jr. (1929-1968) |
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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
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| It provided accommodations, jobs, and housing |
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De Facto Discrimination De Jure Discrimination |
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facto-social, economic, cultural biases-> discrimination Jure- Specifice law->discrimination |
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