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| A phrase that was coined to spread the Quiet Revolution |
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| The 1977 Quebec language law that sought to make French the official language of Quebec and put restrictions on the use of English in the courts, schools, and provate sector. Example is all French signs |
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| A federal-provincial grant that is given for a specific purpose, such as postsecondary education, but does not contain rigid conditions or standards |
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| The 1982 act passed by Britain that terminated all British authority over Canada and under which Canada passed the Constitution Act, 1982, with a domestic constitutional amending formula |
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| The idea that the government has more power than the provinces. The power is more centralized towards the government. |
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| Charter of the French Language |
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| Bill 101 and (in French) Loi 101, is a law in the province of Quebec in Canada defining French, the language of the majority of the population, as the official language of Quebec, and framing fundamental language rights. It is the central legislative piece in Quebec's language policy |
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| A more equal relationship between the federal government and the provinces, as the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council settled several disputes in favour of the latter. The federal government also allowed its disallowance and reservation powers to fall into disuse |
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| Confederation was an agreement between the two founding peoples, French and English, and that therefore Quebec should have special veto powers relating to its position in the federal structure. |
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| A federal grant to the provinces, usually in support of a subject within provincial jurisdiction, to which Ottawa attaches conditions or standards before the province receives the money |
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| Two political crises in Canada, one in each world war, in which the population and government were divided, largely on French-English lines, over the necessity of compulsory military service |
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| A major amendment to the Canadian Constitution that added a Charter of Rights and Freedoms, an amending formula, clauses on equalization and Aboriginal rights, and a change to the division of powers with respect to natural resources |
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| The body of law which defines the relationship of different entities within a state, namely, the executive, the legislature, and the judiciary. |
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| Placing more power away from the government and in the hands of the provincial government to create their own policies and focus on what they need for their people. Less universal and more individualistic |
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| The distribution of legislative powers between the federal and provincial governments, largely contained in sections 91 and 92 of the Constitution Act, 1867 |
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| The 1839 report by Lord Durham that recommended the union of Upper and Lower Canada and the granting of responsible government to the colony of Canada |
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| A large annual cash payment made by the federal government to have-not provinces to help them provide a satisfactory level of public services |
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| A variant of cooperative federalism characterized by extensive federal-provincial interaction at the level of first ministers, departmental ministers, and deputy ministers, such as the process that produced the Meech Lake Accord |
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| The power of Parliament to make payments to people or institutions or governments for purposes on which it [Parliament] does not necessarily have the power to legislate |
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| The study of how competencies (expenditure side) and fiscal instruments (revenue side) are allocated across different (vertical) layers of the administration. The system of transfer payments or grants by which a central government shares its revenues with lower levels of government |
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| Front de Liberation du Quebec. The terrorist wing of the Quebec separatist movement in the 1960s and 1970s |
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| An attempt to design constituency boundaries in the interests of the government party of the day in order to maximize the number of that party's seats and minimize the seats won by the opposition |
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| A situation in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations, while a new rule will apply to all future situations |
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| The activity in which the political demands of groups and individuals are combined into policy programs |
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| A way for members of a society to express their needs to a system of government |
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| Separate national and provincial institutions. Intended to foster competition between levels of governance while respecting the separate areas of jurisdictional authority. |
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| National institutions integrate provincialist/regionalist voices. Intended to force levels of government to cooperate |
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| Judicial Committee of the Privy Council |
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| A committee of the British Parliament that functioned as Canada's final court of appeal until 1949 |
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| Duplessis delivered roads, hospitals, and prosperity for Quebecers. During the time, the Liberal opposition was unsuccessful in challenging Duplessis' power. Duplessis championed rural areas, provincial rights, anti-Communism, and opposed the trade unions |
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| A 1980 initiative associated with Pierre Trudeau and designed to skim off more petroleum tax revenue for Ottawa, keep the price of petroleum below world levels, encourage conservation, and Canadianize the industry, which met with great opposition in Western Canada |
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| The agreement of the leaders of the English-speaking provinces was that the power to opt out of application of an amendment to the future Constitution of Canada would be limited to matters of education or culture |
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| The eastern half of the Northwest Territories, which was established as a separate, Inuit territory in 1999 |
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| Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. They usually control the oil market price |
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| A centre-left provincial political party in Quebec, Canada that advocates national sovereignty for the province of Quebec and secession from Canada |
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| The opening words of section 91 of the ConstitutionAct, 1867, describing the residual powers of the federal government, but often misinterpreted by the courts as an emergency power only |
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| proportional representation |
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| A concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council. PR means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received |
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| The legislative body of the Province of Quebec |
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| The dramatic change of values, attitudes, and behaviour of French-Canadian Quebeckers, a new collective self-confidence, a new brand of nationalism, and an enormous expansion of the role of the provincial state that characterized Quebec in the 1960s |
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| Representation by population |
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| Elected representatives will be chosen by more or less numerically equivalent blocks of voters |
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| Those powers not explicitly given to the provinces in the Constitution Act, 1867, that were assigned to the federal government under the opening words of section 91 |
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| The Royal Commission appointed in 1937 to examine federal-provincial relations and whose 1940 report eventually led to many changes in the federal-provincial financial relationship |
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| Royal Commission on Bilinguialism and Biculturalism |
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| The Royal Commission established in reaction to the Quiet Revolution in Quebec in the 1960s that recommended offical bilingualism as a way of keeping the country together |
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| Royal Commission on Dominion Provincial Relations or |
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| The 3-volume report (1940) recommended a transfer of functions and a shifting of TAXATION power to the federal government and the creation of grants to the provinces to equalize provincial tax revenues, a principle enshrined in the 1982 Constitution |
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| The British policy enunciated after Britain won Quebec from France that in a large area called Indian Territory the purchase or settlement of land was forbidden without a treaty between the Crown and the Indian people concerned |
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| The section which provides information on remedies for violations of the Charter of Rights and Freedom |
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| Section 91, Constitution 1867 |
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| A section which outlines the powers which are given to the FEDERAL government |
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| Section 92, Constitution 1867 |
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| A section which outlines the powers which are given to the PROVINCIAL government |
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| Section 92A of the CA 1867 |
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| Outlines the areas of non-renewable natural resources in the constitution |
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| Section 93 Constitution 1867 |
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| Outlines the areas of education in the constitution |
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| An event where members who are on the senate are replaced |
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| A province's number of seats in the House of Commons can never be lower than its constitutionally mandated number of senators, regardless of the province's population |
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| Government programs whose cost is shared by the federal and provincial governments |
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| Where in an electoral region, the running member receives over half of the votes for their region |
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| Where in an electoral region, the running member receives the most votes for their region, more than anyone else |
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| A voting system designed to achieve proportional representation through ranked voting. Under STV, an elector's vote is initially allocated to his or her most preferred candidate, and then, after candidates have been either elected or eliminated, any surplus or unused votes are transferred according to the voter's stated preferences |
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| The Parti Quebecois proposal in which Quebec would be sovereign while maintaining an economic association with the rest of Canada |
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| Special Joint Committee on the Constitution of Canada |
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| A committee formed to evalute the constitution and produce changes to it if necessary |
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| The Act established legislative equality for the self-governing dominions of the British Empire with the United Kingdom. The Statute remains domestic law within each of the other Commonwealth realms, to the extent that it has not been implicitly repealed by subsequent laws. It marked the effective legislative independence of these countries, either immediately or upon ratification |
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| A written law written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature or by a legislator |
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| The 1875 law of the Canadian Parliament that provided for the Supreme Court of Canada and that serves as a legal base for the institution in the absence of further constitutional entrenchment |
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| Occurs when ostensibly democratic organizations or institutions (particularly governments) fall short of fulfilling the principles of the parliamentary democracy in their practices or operation where representative and linked parliamentary integrity becomes widely discussed |
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| A Canadian economic program introduced by John A. Macdonald's Conservative Party in 1876 and put into action in 1879. It called for high tariffs on imported manufactured items to protect the manufacturing industry |
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| A proposal for Senate reform in which each province would have an equal number of senators, who would be elected and who would be given effective powers |
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| The idea where a vote will not aid in electing a member or aid in the election of a party |
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