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Definition
The rational strategy of crime fighting. The goal of deterrence is to make the costs of committing crimes far greater than the benefits.
Certain, swift, severe. Ask for delays in trials, etc. to get the criminal off. |
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Definition
Crimes against persons.
Examples: murder and non-negligent manslaughter, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault. |
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| What are property crimes? |
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Definition
Crimes committed against property only.
Examples: Burglary, larceny,arson and theft. |
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Term
| FBI official crime rates understate the real amount of crime. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are crime rates inaccurate? |
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Definition
| People do not report them. They may believe it is personal, fear the outcome, the victim does not want to harm the offender. |
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| The juvenile system is not designed for deterrence. True or false? |
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Definition
True.
Extra information about the Juvenille system:
Most juvenile crime is committed between 15-17 yrs.
Juvenile courts rarely impose serious punishment.
Only 13 of juveniles charges with violent crimes are sent to adult prison, 16 percent are sent to juvenile detention and 71 percent are dismissed or placed on prohbation. |
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Term
| There are five times as many arrests for _________ as for ________serious crimes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which crime is estimated to cost the American public more in lost dollars than all of the "serious" index crimes put together? |
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Definition
White-Collar crime
Examples: Fraud, forgery, perjury, tax evasion and conspiring to commit these crimes. |
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Term
| Define bribery and perjury. |
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Definition
Bribery-soliciting or receiving anything of value in exchange for the performance of a governmental duty.
Perjury: lying under oath |
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| True or false? It is UNCOMMON for special interests to contribute to the campaign chests of elected officeholders from whom they are seeking favorable government action. |
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Definition
| False. Is is common for this to happen. |
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Term
| What is the key difference between merely rewarding supporters and engaging in bribery? |
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Definition
| Quid pro quo: If a payment or contribution is made for a specific government action, it risks criminal prosecution as bribery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bias motivated criminal conduct. |
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Definition
| Rightness of punishment (proportionality). Justice is associated with some personal responsibility. If you have done something wrong, and it is right for the govn to punish you, then you should be punished. |
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Term
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Definition
| As a part of punishment or a way to reduce crime, we should be rehabilitating criminals, teaching them skills.Rehab seems to be a reward more than a punishment. Reform/Rehab is the primary concern, deterrence and justice are the old primary concern |
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Term
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Definition
| Safest, cleanest. Originally regulated by the Atomic Energy Commission but now the Nuclear Regulatory Commission is in charge. Fairly clean but associated with devastating accidents. |
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Term
| What type of crime is generally associated with politics? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| State/Local-Public service(order)-Keep the peace (order)-Law enforces itself(Law enforcement)-Discretion (Police can act in all sorts of way.) |
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Definition
Stop drugs before they get to U.S
Extra Info:
Federal-Fed Laws-Fed crimes-racketeering and conspiracy(RICO)
Drug Crimes-Prohibition
-America likes drugs-Legalization
Interdiction Stop drugs before they get into the U.S
Enforcement is Treatment |
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Term
| What is the 4th amendment? |
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Definition
| Guards against unreasonable search and seizure. |
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Term
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Definition
| Threat ID-Who's dangerous? Who will threaten you today and who will threaten you twenty years from now? What kind of danger do they represent? |
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Definition
| Will not go to court unless the DA thinks they will win. Tensim deter liberty and licence. |
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Term
| What is the 5th amendment? |
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Definition
| Protects against abuse of government authority in a legal procedure--Guards against self incrimination |
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Definition
| Must be read your rights when under arrest. |
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Term
| Strategy-Anti Threat-How to counter the Threats? |
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Definition
| Ex: U.S poses economic sanctions against the United Nations. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Regulating our armed forces.Asymmetrical
Example of Asymmetrical-Vietnam, soldiers were dressed in civilian clothing, part of population.
Extra Info: After the Cold War there was a significant reduction in the number of personnel. |
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Term
| What does crime college mean? |
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Definition
| Criminals learn how to commit crimes and get with others to commit crimes while in prison. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deficits--How to pay for it. Largest part of budget is the defense budget and is the easiest to cut. |
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Term
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Definition
Some people feel a sense of entitlement to receive welfare and healthcare.
One issue is the Deserving vs. Undeserving.
Elderly,widows,disabled,orphans vs. able bodied adults. |
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Term
| Social Security & Medicare |
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Definition
| Elderly. 67 yrs old. Medical program. Not "means tested." |
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Term
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Definition
| 1930's.The programs were in response to the Great Depression, and focused on what historians call the "3 Rs": Relief, Recovery, and Reform. That is, Relief for the unemployed and poor; Recovery of the economy to normal levels; and Reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. |
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Term
| What are vital interests? |
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Definition
| Reasons to go to war. Very limited, we need to protect our territory, we are respected and protect our economic interest. |
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Term
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Definition
| America needs to promote it's own values,making the world safe. Promote democracy. |
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Term
| 1/4 of American population is poor at some time. True or False? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who are the Baby Boomers? |
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Definition
| Born after World War 2, large number of children born. |
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Term
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Definition
Cost of Living Adjustment. Inflation. No "means tested." Private S.S. Food stamps-(SA/AP). AFDC(New Deal)
Increase benefits faster than the actual cost of living for the elderly. Based on the CPI. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1950-90. Wars by proxy. Europe Divided. NATO-Warsaw Pact. Containment-keep the soviets where they were.Was a reaction. Any type of expansion of the Warsaw Pact would be opposed. Everyone was scared of nuclear attack. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mikhail Gorbachev renounced the use of Soviet military force to keep them in power. |
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Term
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Definition
1986 Reagan-proposed reduction in tax rates in exchange for the elimination of many tax breaks. Heavily lobbied against by special interest groups.
1990 Bush-
1993 Clinton
2001 Bush |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Regressive, Excludes food, clothes, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction)-Connected to the standard policy of Deterrence. Deterrence is dependent on the second strike or retaliatory power.Rational/Actor Assumption-We understand we have this power and do not want to commit "collective suicide." Acted upon throughout most of the Cold War. |
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Term
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Definition
| High tariffs-30-50% of good's values. Trade Wars. |
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Definition
Soviets used ICBMS. Intercontinental Ballistic Missles. U.S used land based SLBM. U.S had land,sea and air bombers.
More info:
SALT-ABM
SALT 1-CARTER-LIMIT NUMBER OF MISSLES
SALT 2-REAGAN/BUSH-REDUCE 30% OF WARHEADS
SALT 3-BUSH- ELIMINATE MIRVS. WARHEADS DOWN 66%
NEW START-OBAMA-85% LESS BOMBS THAN PEAK LEVEL |
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Term
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Definition
| 1963. Limited kinds of nuclear testing. |
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Term
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Definition
1986 Reagan
1990 Bush
1993 Clinton
2001 Bush |
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Definition
| Climate deductions of 19% |
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Term
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Definition
| Regressive, exclude food, clothes, etc. Penalize consumption, not income. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elite groups and imbalance of benefits. The gain is corporation consumers, more choice and cheaper (ex: wal-mart)25% of goods are sold outside the U.S. The U.S exports 12% and imports 17% from Canada/Mexico. |
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Term
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Definition
| High tariffs-30-50% of good's values, trade wars. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialization leads to efficiency, a rejection in self sufficiency and a rise in productivity everywhere. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialization leads to efficiency. Ownership->better off-?consumers-better off. Workers are the losers. |
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Term
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Definition
GATT/WTO--> Sets initial trade regulation. Judges violation.
China vs. U.S
IMF/ World Bank-->loans to developing countries--> free market
NAFTA-Canada, Mexico,U.S |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower wages for less skilled workers. higher for higher skilled.Distribution is not equal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Illegal immigrants are discouraged by weakening economy. Powerful industries who benefit, fight for it. |
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Term
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Definition
1882-restricted asians
1921-Southern Eur. Eastern--> Catholics |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Arizona Immigration Restrictions |
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Definition
| State crime,federal crime,authorized police, to require proof of citizenship |
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Term
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Definition
| displacement of U.S. state law by U.S. Federal law |
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Term
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Definition
| Persistent problem, even in an affluent society. |
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Term
| Bias-motivated crimes cause more harm than crimes committed with other motivations.True or False. |
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Definition
| False-people are more likely to retaliate. |
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Term
| Hate crimes committed because of race are the most common. True or False. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hate speech is protected by the _____ amendment. |
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Definition
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Term
| Elaborate on the criteria for an effective deterrent policy-certainty,swiftness and severity. |
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Definition
The certainty that a crime will be followed by costly punishment. Justice must be sure.
The swiftness of the punishment following the crime. Long delays between crime and punishment break the link in the mid of the criminal between the criminal act and it's consequences. A wrongdoer must know that the costs of a crime will occur within a meaningful timeframe. Justice must be swift.
Severity of the punishment. Punishment that is perceived as no more costly than the ordinary hazards of life on the streets, which the potential criminal faces anyhow, will not deter. Punishment must outweigh benefits of crime. Punishment must be severe.
These are ranked by importance above. |
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Term
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Definition
| The theory that crime in America is a product of, the multiethnic,multiracial character of the American population. |
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Term
| One theory about the product of American crime is the erosion of social institutions. How does it affect crime? |
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Definition
| Families, schools, churches and communities help to control behavior.These institutions transmit values and impermissible behavior to adults. |
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Term
| The theory that crime is irrational states that... |
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Definition
| Criminals do not weigh benefits against potential costs before committing the crime. |
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Term
| Deterrence Versus Liberty |
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Definition
| The reduction of crime is not a top value of American society because American's value their individual liberty. While authoritarian governments brag about their criminal justice systems being certain, swift and severe, they fail to protect the personal liberties of their citizens. |
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Term
| Crime is more frequent when __________- is lax and crime declines with the movement toward _________ deterrence policy. |
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Definition
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Term
| Convicted felons are three times more likely to receive probation than a prison sentence. |
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Definition
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Term
| Our criminal justice system DOES ensure punishment for crime. True or false? |
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Definition
| False. Our criminal justice system DOES NOT ensure punishment for crime. |
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Term
| Why does out criminal justice system lack swiftness? |
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Definition
| The bail system together with trials, allows criminals to escape the consequences of their acts for long indefinite periods of time. The court system works very slowly and delays favor the criminal defendant. There for it destroys the deterrent effect. |
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Term
| What does three strikes and your out mean? |
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Definition
| Once you have committed three felonies, you are imprisoned for life. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enforce laws, keep the peace, furnish services |
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Term
| The U.S Supreme Court recognized that federalizing crime may impinge upon the reserved powers of state. T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gun control legislation is a common policy initiative following highly publicized murders or assassination attempts on prominent figures.T OR F? |
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Definition
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Term
| There is no systematic evidence proving that gun control laws reduce crime. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
| Stopping drugs before the reach the U.S. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| MUST BE READ WHEN UNDER ARREST |
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Definition
| Illegally obtained evidence and confessions can not be used in criminal trials. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Most deaths in the U.S today are caused by personal habits.T or F? |
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Definition
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Term
| EPA-Environmental Protection Agency-NIXON-1970 |
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Definition
| consolidate in one agency a variety of federal research, monitoring, standard-setting and enforcement activities to ensure environmental protection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Product of the Earth Summit or the conference by the UN on environmental and developmental. Signed by Bush, not ratified by the U.S Senate. Incoporated these ideas: we can not wait for science to say we are affecting global warming,industrialized nations are responsible for "undermining the Earth's life support system." Massive transfers of wealth from industrialized nations to less developed countries. |
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Definition
| Were not voluntary national goals like the RIO treaty. Mandated the U.S to drop emissions by 7 percent below it's 1990 level. No one really followed it. |
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Definition
| America gets most of it's energy from fossil fuels. Only 7% is renewable. Closely related to the environmental policy and both contribute to global warming. |
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Definition
| We are looking for more sources of energy. Domestic oil production can be increased through exploration and drilling in public lands. Drilling in Alaska is very controversial because it has plenty of natural gas but then all vehicles would have to be redesigned to run on natural gas. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fed. govn. requires automobile manufacturers to maintain corporate average fuel efficiency. (CAFE) standards in the production of automobiles and light trucks. Big vehicles are popular so the overall fuel efficiency on the roads is difficult to improve. |
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Term
| Cap and Trade Policy, How does it cost consumers? |
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Definition
Obama recommended this program. Puts a "ceiling" on carbon emissions. The government would hold auctions where polluting industries and firms could purchase tradeable emission allowances. (TEA). Polluting industries can pollute, but at a price.
Cost to Consumers:
Industries will raise their prices. Everything from gas to electric will rise. Tax increase. |
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Term
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Definition
| The average income of the nation's poorest (low 20 mark)went from 4.3 to 3.4 from '76 to '10. The income of the wealthy has increased from 43.6 to 50.3% |
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Term
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Definition
1882-Restricted Asians
1921-Southern Eur. Eastern-Catholics |
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Term
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Definition
| No one can be deprived of life, liberty, or property. |
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Term
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Definition
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| Brown Vs. Board of Education |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Martin Luther King,Jr. lead boycott over buses who had segregated seating. |
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Definition
| Passed with a 2/3rds vote. President Lyndon B Johnson signed it into law. No discrimination based on race. |
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Term
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Definition
| No discrimination in renting or selling based on race. |
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Term
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Definition
| The supreme court shut down an admissions program at the University of California because they excluded a white applicant because of his race. He applied to the school two years in a row and was denied, although several black applicants with lower averages applied and were accepted. |
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Definition
| A woman can decided whether or not to have or not have a child. |
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Definition
| Partial delivery of baby, then vacuuming out the brain and crushing the skull. Outlawed in 2003. |
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Term
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Definition
| Homosexuals banned from service-clinton began policy so the military is not allowed to ask about your sexual orientation. |
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Term
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Definition
Salt 1- 72, limited strategic nuclear weapons.
Salt 2-Limit on nuclear launches |
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Term
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Definition
| Reductions is missiles and warheads, not just type and number of weapons. |
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Term
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Definition
| Instead of deterring war through fear of retaliation, build a defense against missiles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduce overall nuclear warheads for each side to 1550. |
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Term
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Definition
| Never used in Cold War. Nato deployed to Bosnia to stop conflict between muslims, serbs and coats. Peacekeepers.Intervened in Iraq. |
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Definition
| Protect interests, Support objectives, |
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Definition
| Forces are civilians, part of civilian population such as in cold war |
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Definition
| Appropriate tools to intercept and obstruct terrorism. Allowed wiretaps, internet tracking,business records, foreign intelligence surveillance court, property seizure, detention, aliens reporting detention, prohibits harboring of terrorists |
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