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| People vote direct on laws and some states have direct democracy |
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| People vote for leaders in election and leaders make laws |
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| A federal system is both a political and philosophical concept that describes how power is given to governments |
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| Agreement among memebers of a society to form and recognize the authority of centralized goverment that is empowered to make and enforce laws governing members of that society. |
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| Basic values, beliefs, attitudes, predispositions, and expectations of citizens toward the political system of their society and toward themselves as participants in it |
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| Collective political beliefs and attitudes of the public or groups within the public, on matters of revelance to government |
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| Consent from the president |
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| American Creed and its consequences |
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Definition
beliefs
Equality: Central Value of American Creed
Individualism: All individuals should be able to succeed to the maximum extent possible given their talents and abilities, regardless of race, religion, or other group characteristics
Democracy: rule by many
Liberty: Freedom from government restraint over the exercise of one's rights
Property Rights: rights to use property as an individual sees fit
Religious Freedom: Idea that individuals should be free to choose and practice their own fain
Consequences:
-American prefer limited government
-Limited government and libertarianism: belief that individuals are responsible for their own lives and that society is best off with individuals maximally free from government restraints
-weak sovereign power
- Sovereign power: indidvidual or institution in a political system whose decisions are binding and unable to be overturned by other individuals or institutions
-Competing ideas are viewed with suspicion
-Appeals to the public interest are difficult
-Political conflict emerges from tension among the creed's beliefs and from debate over the meaning of the beliefs |
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| Problems with the Article of Confederation |
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Definition
1st problem
-No coherent way to deal with foreign countries
-States made their own arrangements with foreign countries
-Congress would have no way to enforce international treaties even if it was able to be negotiated
2nd
-Politicians, merchants, and creditors were shaken by domestic upheaval
-during the revolutionary war, political and economic leaders had used the rallying cry of democracy to mobilize opposition to Britain
-Caused Shay's rebellion which many people were kicked off their land due to lack of paying taxes in Massachusetts
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| Interchange of people in office on election day |
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| the principle or practice of submitting to popular vote a measure passed on or proposed by a legislative body or by popular initiative |
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| Introduction and Ratification of Amendments |
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Definition
intro-a national level process
ratification-State level process |
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| Full Faith and Credit CLause |
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Definition
| A clause in the constitution stating that states are to honor the offficial acts of other states |
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| Equal privileges and immunities clause |
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| CLause in the constitution stating that states are to treat equally their citizens and the citizens of other states |
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| The quality or state of being legitimate. Having full filial rights and obligations by birth |
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| Form of government that distributes power across a national government and subnational governments and ensures existence of subnational governments |
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| Welfare reform legislation |
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Definition
| State-by-state variation became more pronounced . Giving states more self rule |
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| Block grants vs. categorical grants |
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Definition
Categorical grants: federal government provides money thats is to be used for specific purposes
Block Grants: Grants for broad categories of spending |
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Definition
States have more welfare benefits which cause higher taxes and other states to do the same and be like the state with the high welfare benefits
-states follow each other as benefits are lowered . Compete on a benefit level |
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| Process in which the authority over a government program's rules and implementation is largely transferred from the federal government to that state government |
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Definition
-Bill of Rights
-Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedural safeguards that government official are obligated to follow prior to restricting rights of life, liberty and property |
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Definition
| Such standards are invoked in legal situations to resolve disputes of obscene acts, images, or conduct. |
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| System of laws seperating races in schools, public accomodations and other aspects of daily life |
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Term
| Brown vs. Board of Education |
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Definition
1954 (Linda Brown)Supreme Court decision that determined that in public education, mandatory seperation of children by race resulted in inherently unequal education
NAACP
Tulpika, Kansas
Little Rock Nine
Brown 2 1955 |
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Term
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Definition
-Salience: Issue importance to a person or public in general
-Stability: likelihood that public opinion will change, speed of which it will change, and how long it will last
-Direction: Tendency for or against some phenomenon
Intensity: Strength of public opinion
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Term
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Definition
| Population sample in which it is equally likely that each memeber of the population will be included in the sample |
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| -Even though a group of individuals are ignorant of a particular phenomenon, when their opinions are stated, the opinion tends to make sense |
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| -Range surrounding a sample's response within which researchers are confident the larger populations true response would fall |
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| Younger citizens are influenced by events and make them act out in ways that older generations would not |
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| Event that influences of all ages |
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| As you get older, you are more secure in your political beliefs |
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Term
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| Get-On-the-vote: Term used to describe the various activities that candidates, political parties, activists, and interest groups used to make sure the likely supporters got to the polls on election day |
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| Roll of Political primaries over time |
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Definition
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Term
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| -Voting style in which the voter judges candidates based on the voter's and the candidates opinions on specific issues and preferences for certain policies |
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Definition
| Voting style in which voters judge the candidate will do if elected |
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Definition
| Voting style in which voters judge the candidate will do if elected |
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Definition
| Rule by which a candidate wins office by getting more votes that the other even if it was not absolutely majority of the votes |
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| Individuals believe that they can influence what happens in the political world |
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Definition
| Democratic party selects a block of about 1/5 of its convention delegates outside of the primary and caucus process |
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Definition
| Government intervention to prevent the publication of material it finds to be objectionable |
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Definition
| Tendency of the public to assess the performance of the president or presidential candidates, in terms of the issues that the media have emphasized as most important |
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| Focus on election coverage on who and what are up or down in the latest poll members |
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Definition
| Favorable treatment to certain politicians, policy positions, groups, and political outcomes |
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Definition
| Belief that change in voting intent as a result of mass media exposure was relatively rare |
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Term
| Power of political parties |
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Definition
| They are able to elect who will run for office through legislation and will have the same political ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in where the president and chambers of congress are controlled by the same party |
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Term
| Proportional vs. Majoritarian government |
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Definition
-Proportional representaton: elected system in which candidates are elected from multimember district being roughly proportional o their share of the popular vote
-Majoritarian representation: |
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Term
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Definition
| A document expressing the principles, beliefs and policy positions of the party, as endorsed by delegates at the national party convention |
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Term
| National vs. State parties |
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Definition
-The national parties fund US congressman as well as the president. Also run the party at the top during no election year
-The state parties fund state congressman, and try to gather support to vote for there purpose especially in closed primaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Began in 1869 with the NWSA (National women's suffrage association) they tried to get women the right to vote |
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Term
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Definition
| -Trying to influent government decisions based on the party's interests |
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Term
| Strategies of interest groups |
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Definition
-selective benefits: which only those who participated get benefits
-social benefits: voters enjoy being part of the group
-Purposive benefits: encourage group participation by connecting individuals |
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Term
| Material, Purposive and collective benefits |
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Definition
Material: goods and services offered to encourage participation in group activity
Purposive: Encourage group participation by connecting individuals to an organizations political purpose
Collective:
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Term
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Definition
| The set of issues under consideration by policy makers |
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Term
When and where house members are elected
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Definition
| -they are elected every 2 years from districts in their state |
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Definition
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| Structure of COmmittee system |
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Definition
-Standing, select, and joint committees
-These committees draft versions, of bills, hold hearings about policy issues and investigate activities in the executive branch
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Term
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Definition
| Permanent committees with well defined, relatively fixed policy jurisdictions that develop, write and update important legislation |
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Term
| How is congress leadership selected (including speaker of the house) |
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Definition
| -All appointed by the president |
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Term
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Definition
| Presidential power to persuade |
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Term
| Location of presidential Authority |
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Definition
-Defined in the constitution or law
-Necessary and expedient clause: Article 11,Section 3, authorizes the president to recommend legislation to congress
-Take Care Clause: Allows president to take action if laws aren't being "faithfully executed" |
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Term
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Definition
Idea that executive branch officials need to be able to advise the president in confidence and that the president has a right to prevent that advice from becoming public
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Term
| Formal and Informal powers |
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Definition
-Formal powers: specific grants of authority defined in the Constitution or law
-Informal: implied powers not in constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| short term international event or military action that boosts presidential approval ratings temporarily |
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Term
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Definition
| Excutive office of the president: a group of agencies in the excutive branch that primarily generate policy alternatives for the president's consideration |
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Term
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Definition
-Started the two term session for presidents
-confirmed nominees for the senate's job
-Established the practice of shifting power |
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Term
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Definition
-Government is a party
-A large Civil suit between 2 parties from different states
-Those that involve questions about the constitution |
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Term
| Constitution and the Supreme COurt |
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Definition
| Supreme Court is the only court that is explicitly identified in article 3 of the constitution |
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Term
| What you need to win a civil case |
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Definition
| -The plaintiff in a civil trial needs only show that most-or more technically, a "preponderance"- of evidence supports his or her position |
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Term
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Definition
-The principle that judges deciding a case must carefully weigh the decisions of their predecessors in similar cases and come to the same decision if the basic elements of the case before them are the same
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Term
| Judicial activism vs Judicial restraint |
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Definition
-Judicial Activism: the tendency of judges to give themselves leeway in deciding whether to abide by past court decisions or not which allows them to consider possible outcomes, public opinion and their own preferences before issuing a ruling
-Judicial restraint: the practice judges engage in when they limit the exercise of their own power by only overturning past decisions when they are clearly unconstitutional |
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Definition
| the idividual who represents the federal government in the supreme court |
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Term
| Main function of bureaucrats |
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Definition
Bureaucracy may be used for any purpose from social security to homeland security
-Interpret and Implement laws |
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Term
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Definition
| Priniciple by which the courts will only accept cases where the actual harm has already taken place |
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Term
| Level of policy expertise of congress vs bureaucrats |
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Definition
Congress is general
bureaucrats are experts |
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| Location of the Federal bureaucracy |
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Definition
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| Origin of bureaucratic power |
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Definition
| Interpret and Implement laws |
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Definition
| Situation in which bureaucrats create policy that does not match the policy preferences of congress or the president |
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Term
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Definition
| The inefficiency and waste that results excessive regulation and overly formal procedures |
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Term
| How Congress controls the bureaucracy |
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Definition
-money, rules, and structure
-hearings-Congress call upon bureaucrats and other experts to help
-Centralization-increasing the president's power |
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Definition
| A theory that discourages the government from becoming involved in the economy |
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| Health care and the American Creed |
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Definition
| -Healthcare violates other basic tenents of the American Creed, notably individualism and freedom of choice |
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Term
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Definition
| Gives retirees monthly income in order to reduce poverty among the elderly |
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Term
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Definition
| Funds flow into and out of the SOcial security fund at a continual rate |
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Term
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Definition
Medicare: a federally funded entitlement program that offers health insurance to the elderly
Medicaid: A means-tested program funded by the federal and state governments that extend health insurance to the poor and disabled |
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