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| The system of civil servants and political appointees who implement congressional or presidential decisions; also known as the administrative state. |
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| Employees of bureaucratic agencies within the government. |
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| People selected by an elected leader, such as the president, to hold a government position. |
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| A rule that allows the government to exercise control over individuals and corporations by restricting certain behaviors. |
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| Notice and Comment Procedures |
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| A step in the rule-making process in which proposed rules are published in the FEDERAL REGISTER and made available for debate by the general public. |
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| Agency employees who directly provide services to the public, such as those who provide job training services. |
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| The knowledge, personnel, and institutions that the government requires to effectively implement policies. |
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| Excessive or unnecessarily complex regulations imposed by the bureaucracy. |
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| Standard Operating Procedures |
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| Rules that lower-level bureaucrats must follow when implementing policies. |
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| A difficulty faced by elected officials in ensuring that when bureaucrats implement policies, they follow these officials' intentions but still have enough discretion to use their expertise. |
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| The interaction between a principal (like the president or Congress), who needs something done, and a agent (like a bureaucrat), who is responsible for carrying out the principal's orders. |
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| A situtation in which bureaucrats favor the interests of the groups or corporations they are supposed to regulate at the expense of the general public. |
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| The idea, credited to theorist Max Weber, which suggests that bureaucrats should provide expertise without the influence of elected officials, interest groups, or their own political agendas. |
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| A system created by the 1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act in which bureaucrats are hired on the basis of merit rather than political connections. |
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| Office of Management and Budget (OMB) |
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| An office within the Executive Office of the President that is responsible for creating the president's annual budget proposal to Congress, reviewing proposed rules, and other budget-related tasks. |
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| Government offices or organizations that provide government services and are not part of an executive department. |
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| Bureaucrats who seek to increase funding for their agency whether or not that additional spending is worthwhile. |
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| Agencies where campaign workers and donors are often appinted to reward them for their service because it is unlikely that their lack of qualifications will lead to bad policy. |
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| Bureaucrats' tendency to implement policies in a way that favors their own political objectives rather than following the original intentions of the legislation. |
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| Congressional efforts to make sure that laws are implemented correctly by the bureaucracy after they have been passed. |
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| A method of oversight in which members of Congress constantly monitor the bureaucracy to make sure that laws are implemented correctly. |
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| A method of oversight in which members of Congress respond to complaints about the Bureaucracy or problems of implentation only as they arise rather than exercising constant vigilance. |
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