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| law established by the bureaucracy, on behalf of Congress |
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| trial procedures designed to resolve conflict through the clash of opposing sides, moderated by a neutral, passive judge who applies the law |
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| "friend of the court" documents filed by interested parties to encourage the court to grant or deny certiorari or to urge it to decide a case in a particular way |
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| a rehearing of a case because the losing party in the original trial argues that a point of law was not applied properly |
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| a legal system based on a detailed comprehensive legal code, usually created by the legislature |
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| laws regulating interactions between individuals; violation of a civil law is called a tort |
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| a legal system based on the accumulated rulings of judges over time, applied uniformly - judge-made law. |
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| documents written by justices expressing agreement with the majority ruling but describing different or additional reasons for the ruling |
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| institutions that sit as neutral third parties to resolve conflicts according to the law |
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| laws prohibiting behavior the government has determined to be harmful to society; violation of a criminal law is called a crime |
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| documents written by justices expressing disagreement with the majority ruling |
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| clarifications of congressional policy issued by the president and having the full force of law |
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| trial procedures designed to determine the truth through the intervention of an active judge who seeks evidence and questions witnesses |
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| view that the courts should be lawmaking, policymaking bodies |
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| a judicial approach holding that the Constitution is a living document and that judges should interpret it according to changing times and values |
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| view that the courts should reject any active lawmaking functions and stick to judicial interpretations of the past |
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| power of the Supreme Court to rule on the constitutionality of laws |
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| a court's authority to hear certain cases |
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| the landmark case that established the US Supreme Court's power of judicial review |
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| the written decision of the court that states the judgment of the majority |
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| a previous decision or ruling that, in common law tradition, is binding on subsequent decisions |
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| laws that establish how laws are applied and enforced - how legal proceedings take place |
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| the unwritten requirement that four Supreme Court justices must agree to grant a case certiorari in order for the case to be heard |
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| laws passed by a state or the federal legislature |
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| a judicial approach holding that the Constitution should be read literally, with the farmers' intentions uppermost in mind |
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| laws whose content, or substance, defines what we can or cannot do |
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| formal request by the U.S. Supreme Court to call up the lower court case it decides to hear on appeal |
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| the collective attitudes and beliefs of individuals on one or more issues |
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| scientific efforts to estimate what an entire group thinks about an issue by asking a smaller sample of the group for its opinion |
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| initial poll on a candidate and issues on which campaign strategy is based and against which later polls are compared |
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| ongoing series of surveys that follow changes in public opinion over time |
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| the portion of the population that is selected to participate in a poll |
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| election-related questions asked of voters right after they vote |
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| election-related questions asked of voters right after they vote |
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| election-related questions asked of voters right after they vote |
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| the portion of the population that is selected to participate in a poll |
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| election-related questions asked of voters right after they vote |
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| polls that ask for reactions to hypothetical, often false, information in order to manipulate public opinion |
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| samples chosen in such a way that any member of the population being polled has an equal chance of being selected |
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| the effect of having a sample that does not represent all segments of the population |
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| polls that attempt to determine who is ahead in a political race |
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| a number that indicates within what range the results of a poll are accurate |
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| the process by which a majority opinion becomes exaggerated because minorities do not feel comfortable speaking out in opposition |
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| the process by which we learn our political orientations and allegiances |
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| Two-step flow of information |
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| the process by which citizens take their political cues from more well-informed opinion leaders |
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| the ability to receive and evaluate information as events happen, allowing us to remember our evaluation even if we have forgotten the specific events that caused it |
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| the state of being uninformed about politics because of the cost in time and energy |
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| people who know more about certain topics than we do and whose advice we trust, seek out, and follow |
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| the tendency of men and women to differ in their political views on some issues |
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| primary elections in which only registered party members may vote |
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| the process of getting a person elected to public office |
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| formal party gathering to choose candidates |
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| primary elections in which eligible voters do not need to be registered party members |
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| the "party faithful"; the rank-and-file members who actually carry out the party's electioneering efforts |
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| members of a political party who consistently vote for that party's candidates |
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| party leaders, usually in an urban district, who exercised tight control over electioneering and patronage |
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| ability of party leaders to bring party members in the legislature into line with the party program |
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| extended periods of relative political stability in which one party tends to control both the presidency and Congress |
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| voter affiliation with a political party |
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| members of the party who have been elected to serve in government |
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| ordinary citizens who identify with the party |
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| the official structure that conducts the political business of parties |
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| list of policy positions a party endorses and pledges its elected officials to enact |
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| a group of citizens united by ideology and seeking control of government in order to promote their ideas and policies |
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| party government when four conditions are met: clear choice of ideologies, candidates pledged to implement ideas, party held accountable by voters, and party control over members |
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| substantial and long-term shift in party allegiance by individuals and groups, usually resulting in a change in policy direction |
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| unregulated campaign contributions by individuals, groups, or parties that promote general election activities but do not directly support individual candidates |
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| indirect lobbying efforts that manipulate or create public sentiment, "astroturf" being artificial grassroots |
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| a good or service that, by its very nature, cannot be denied to anyone who wants to consume it |
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| direct interaction with public officials for the purpose of influencing policy decisions |
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| selective incentives that derive from the opportunity to express values and beliefs and to be committed to a greater cause |
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| groups of citizens united by some common passion or interest and opposed to the rights of other citizens or to the interests of the whole community |
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| groups that mobilize voters with issue advocacy advertisements on television and radio but may not directly advocate the election or defeat of a particular candidate |
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| the difficulty groups face in recruiting when potential members can gain the benefits of the group's actions whether they join or not |
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| attempts to influence government policymakers by encouraging the general public to put pressure on them |
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| an organization of individuals who share a common political goal and unite for the purpose of influencing government decisions |
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| interest group activities aimed at persuading policymakers to support the group's positions |
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| Political action committee (PAC) |
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| the fundraising arm of an interest group |
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| groups that organize to influence government to produce collective goods or services that benefit the general public |
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| advertisements that support issues or candidates without telling constituents how to vote |
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| benefits that are available only to group members as an inducement to get them to join |
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| selective incentives related to the interaction and bonding among group members |
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| public activities designed to bring attention to political causes, usually generated by those without access to conventional means of expressing their views |
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