Term
| How have values changed in W Europe? |
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Definition
| from materialist to post-materialist values |
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Term
| what are materialist values? |
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Definition
economic and physical security
- food, clothing, shelter, work, police, defense, order |
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Term
| what are post-materialist values? |
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Definition
self-expression
- freedom of speech
- involvement in gov't decisions
- more say on the job
- young people are much more post-materialist |
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Term
| What effect have changing values had on the government? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 kinds of services in the service economy |
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Definition
- 4 kinds of services
o distributive
• transportation
• stores
• etc.
o business services
• banks
• insurance
• law firms
o social and community services
• welfare state
• education
•
o personal services
• entertainers
• cultural institutions |
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Term
| How did the service economy come about? |
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Definition
- increased productivity and efficiency in manufacturing
- globalization of production
- growing demands for certain kinds of services |
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Term
| What was the effect of the service economy on W European societies? |
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Definition
- rise in participation of women in paid employment
- rise in education level of overall population
o it has become necessary to earn a good wage
o more education especially for business and social services
- shift amongst low-skilled workers, from manufacturing to services
o distribution
o personal services |
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Term
| Main demographic and family trends in WE |
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Definition
- death rates in decline
- population is aging
- pension crisis
- smaller households
- only 1 or 2 children
- immigration and cultural pluralism
- non-white and non-christian immigrants as opposed to the old immigrants who were from southern europe |
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Term
| Role of religion in European society |
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Definition
- established religions of all kinds are in decline throughout europe
- The exceptions are among ethnic minority populations
- - a strong church has tended to polarize the population
o that doesn’t coincide with post-material values |
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Term
| Origin of political parties |
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Definition
- parties began life in parliaments
o factions in parliaments that developed into parties
o tories
- mass parties originated outside parliaments, mobilizing the working class
o socialist party in France
- “social cleavages” explain the development of party systems (Lipset and Rokkan)
- parties represent sides to these cleavages |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- traditional cleavages
o center vs periphery
• those who wanted strong central power
• and those who wanted strong regional gov’t
• state power vs federal power
o church vs state
• secularization
o rural vs urban
• agricultural protection vs subsidies for industry
•
o class (owners vs workers)
• owners of means of production vs proletariat |
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Term
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Definition
- Social Democracy (socialist parties)
o Ex-marxists: they accept the market
o Main and oldest family on the left
o Support welfare state
• Pro-state
o Progressive social values
o On the liberal side of the cultural cleavage
o Mainstream political party
- Communists
o Different from social democrats
o Ex-supporters of USSR
o Never compromised on the market issue
o Foundering since 1991
• France and italy had strong ones previously
- New Left
o Emerged 1960s
o Communists who reject USSR model
o Main impact in Denmark, Norway, Germany
• Left Party recently created in Germany
• core is members of old east German communist party
- Greens
o Emerged 1970s
o C. 5-10% vote
o Post-materialist values
o Most prominent position in Germany when they joined a coalition
• Had the foreign minister position |
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Term
| Party Families: The Right |
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Definition
- Christian Democrats
o Used to support dominant Christian denomination
• Now mostly secular
o Support welfare state (less so than Soc Dems)
o Only Christian thing about them now is their name
o Support traditional values/socially conservative
- Conservatives
o Non-christian right
o Conservative party of the UK
o Support the market/fiscally conservative
• No big gov’t
o Socially conservative
• National defense
• Etc
o Closest thing to the republicans in Europe
- Far Right
o Risen since 1980s
o Often anti-immigration |
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Term
| Party Families: The Center |
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Definition
- Liberals
o Traditionally secular and pro-civil rights
o Pro market
o “victims” of their own success
• UK liberal party used to be most successful
• When they achieved their civil rights and secular goals they faded away b/c there was no reason for people to vote for them anymore
o People switched to social democratic parties
o Recent internal split between left and right
- Agrarian parties
o Established to promote the interests of farmers
o Especially in Scandinavia |
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Term
| Types of Party Organization |
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Definition
- two aspects of party organization
o extra-partliamentary
• individual members
• voters
• donations
• local branches
• national executive organs
• assemblies
o parliamentary
• legislators/members of parliament
• the parliamentary group may have separate leadership from the party
• usually the two leaderships coordinate though
• but structurally they are different |
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Term
| Party Systems: Two Party System |
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Definition
- Ideological distance is very small
- They take very centrist positions
- UK, US |
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Term
| Party System: Moderate Multi-party system |
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Definition
- More than 4 parties
- Ideological distance is very short
- Very easy to form coalitions
- Scandinavia, Netherlands |
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Term
| Party Systems: Polarized multi-party system |
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Definition
- More than 4 parties
- ideological distance between parties is greater
- hard to form coalitions
- ITALY |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Parties and party systems |
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Definition
parties and party systems developed differently in Eastern Europe b/c of communism
- other parties are not allowed
- Countries had no experience w/ democracy when it was instituted
- didn't know how to run elections
- they don't have set parties that most importantly don't have set ideologies
- weak link between the parties and the electorate |
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Term
| How and When were European states established? |
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Definition
- foundations set in late middle ages
- first nation states were formed at the edges of the W. Roman empire
- The strong city states in the center prevented nations from forming
- state building followed nation building |
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