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Political Science 3
Political Science 3
40
Political Studies
Undergraduate 1
03/01/2009

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Term
5 threats of external validity
Definition
1. Subjects not representative of Gen Pop
2. Artificial X
3. Limited Realization of X
4. Artificial circumstance
5. Testing X interaction
Term
External Validity
Definition
the extent to which you can generalize findings from a study to the real world.
Term
4 types experiment types (location/type)
Definition
1. Lab
2. Field
3. Survey
4. Natural
Term
Vulnerability of Lab. experiment
Definition
Artificial x (circumstances are fake)
External valid lower
subjects self select
treatment condition nonexistent in world
Term
Field Experiment Strength
Definition
increased external val. over lab
natural setting
experimenter has control over who does/doesn't get treatment
Usually random assignment
Term
Strength/weakness of field study
Definition
-fewer vulnerability in respect to artificiality and w/ respect to subject.
-Greater in terms of Generalization
-vulnerable to threats of internal valid
Term
2 survey types & definition
Definition
1. Survey Method: Goal improve survey method/figure how to access pub. opinion
2. Substantive: used to address substantive political science q's

2. Substantive
Term
Problem with surveys
Definition
Low external Validity. Artificial manipulation of X and artificial circumstance
Term
Natural experiment
Definition
Random assignment comes from nature, or some actor, not the researcher (TV reception in mountain city), Military draft (failure of random assignment, lots of ways to get out of draft).
Term
Threats to Internal Validity/Problems of X (list)
Definition
1. Complex X
2. Incomplete administration of X
3. Induced State Failure
4. Diffusion of X
5. Intra session history confound
Term
Complex Multifaceted X
Definition
Threat to internal validity. Different parts to the X, how do we tell which part of x was cause? Ex. Placibo effect
(R) X O drug, and pill (two things!)
(R) O
Term
experimental effect
Definition
the difference between the control and treatment
Term
Blind Experiment
Definition
Subjects do not know if they are treatment or control. Allows us to determent actual treatment effect and keep purpose of exper. hidden or misrepresented.
Term
Incomplete Administration of X (treatment)
Definition
Threat to internal validity. Attrition of subjects in the study. Groups no longer equivalent, selection threat and z confound is possible. Occurs mostly in field or longer term lab exper.
Term
induced state failure
Definition
a particular psychological state was necessary in the subject for study (anxiety on test performance), but the state is not achieved.
Term
manipulation check
Definition
way of accessing whether or not induced state was achieved (Fear ups eye blinking)
Term
diffusion of X
Definition
threat to internal validity mostly in field exp. Control group members who weren't supposed to get x, got it (ex contact between C and T group)
Term
Intra session history confounds
Definition
IV prob of X. Something unintended occurring during experiment which differentiates groups or effects/absorbs results of exp. Ex: Studying effect of anxiety on test performance, but a/c breaks and rooms are hot, how do we know it was anxiety or the heat?)
Term
basic features of a good theory
Definition
1. generality
2. breadth
3. simplicity
4. Accuracy
Term
generality of a theory
Definition
Concerns specificity, the more general the theory, the more phenominon explains. ex, human behavor (all)-human voting behavior in 2000.
Term
breadth
Definition
has to do with the richness of details/facets explored/explained in relation to the theory. Ex. Voting behavior: high breadth would explore everything that relates to voting, candidate appearance, media coverage,campaign money, ect.
Term
simplicity
Definition
occam's razor, if two theories are equal in every other respect, the simpler explanation is preferred.
Term
empirical research
Definition
research based on objective observation of phenomena to achieve knowledge
Term
applied research
Definition
research designed to produce knowledge useful in real world situations.
Term
recreational research
Definition
to satisfy intellectual curiosity and gain better understanding of the universe.
Term
deterministic causal reasoning
Definition
No EXCEPTION, even if 99% cases ok, the 1% is disconfirming
Term
probabilistic reasoning
Definition
almost always required, some exceptions ok
Term
x variable
y variable
Definition
x is independent variable
y is dependent variable
Term
causal effect
Definition
counterfactually, if there is a change in x, then there will be a change in y
Term
4 criteria for establishing causal effect
Definition
1. demonstrate x and y are associated empirically as explained by hypothesis,
2. Cause proceeded effect in time
3. the association is not a result of chance or a fluke
4. The association is not spurious
Term
theory definition
Definition
simplified view of the world that allows us to describe, explain, and make predictions
Term
necessary and sufficient example
Definition
anti-doping
absence of a (+)test you're not kicked out
if a + test is present, you will
Term
time series data
Definition
measures single independent variable over time.
ex. x pre or post 9/11 y: pres. approv
cases
june, july, aug, sept,
Term
cross-sectional data
Definition
data with variations across cases a given moment in time.
ex. x; educ y; income
ex. x: income y: % given to charity
Term
Fluke (how to determine if association is)
Definition
1. Data dredging
2. no logical explanation/theory to demonstrate association
3. not replicable
4.does it pass test of statistical significance?
Term
common cause spurious
Definition
x: knee ache y: rain
z: humidity
Term
correlated cause
Definition
No evidence that z causes x, but they are associated. z causes y.
x age, y: inclination to vote
z1. residential mobility
z2. political interest
z3. stake in election
Term
cross sectional analysis examp
Definition
fair weather fan
n=schools x: wins
berk
stanf
usc
mich
Term
internal validity definition
Definition
extent to which the design enables the researcher to reach sound and valid causal conclusions about the effect of x on y
Term
why is a rce with pre and post test stronger in terms of internal validity than rce post test only
Definition
1. allows us to access equiv. with respect to the DV prior to treatment , allowing us to reach more valid conclusions because we know whether or not differences were pre-existing.
2. allows us to demonstrate change over time/that the cause proceeded the effect.
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