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1965
led to privacy rights |
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| to take a case to a higher court for review |
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| aggravating circumstances |
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| the factors which the prosecution introduces in a capital case |
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| behaviour unrestricted or unrestricted by law |
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| the procedure durig which the defendant comes before a judge to hear formal charges in the indictment and to lead to guilty or not guilty. |
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| taking a peson suspected of a crime into custody |
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| a paper signed by a judge naming an individual to be officially held for a crime |
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| money or property the accused deposits with the court to gain release from jail until the trial begins |
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| the official recording of an arrest |
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| to take formal exception to a juror |
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| an address by a judge to a jury at the closeof the trial, instructing them as to the legal points involved in the case. |
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| a prosecuting attorney's formal accusation of the defendant for allegedly committing a crime |
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| the restrictions placed on the amount of constraint which a police may use in apprehending a suspected felon. |
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| a person against whom civil or criminal suit is brough in court |
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| retrial of a person not found guilty in a previous trial for the same crime. |
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| those characteristics which constitute probably cause to suspect that one is drug smuggler or drug seller. |
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| the principal requiring that a law must be applied in a fair manner. |
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| a law prohibiting the the use of illegally obtained evidence in a federal court |
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| emerency situations which warrant making exceptions to traditional criminal justice proceedings (i.e: kidnappings) |
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| to pat down the exterior clothing or search someone for weapons |
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| illegal evidence that can be used if police can show that they would have found it anyway. |
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| "fruits of a poison tree" doctrine |
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| Supreme Court principle which says that evidence obtained illegally cannot be used in court. |
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| the group that hears charges against a person suspected of having committed a crime and decides whether there is sufficient evidence to bring the person to trial. |
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| second-hand testimony obtained about what one has heard from another person |
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| the act of chasing a criminal or suspected felon |
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| a jury that cannot agree on a verdict |
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| freedom from prosecution for witnesses whose testimony ties them to illegal actions |
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| to select a jury from a list of perspective jurors |
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| to be unbiased or unprejudiced in opinion |
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| the legal philosophy that recognizes school officials right to operate in place of the parents. |
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| exception to traidtional rules of warranted searches due to the fact that contraband is clearly visible |
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| a charge by a grand jury that a person committed a particular crime. |
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| lacking the necessities of life because of poverty |
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| the act of an individual being read their rights before being questioned |
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| a trial terminated without conclusion on the merits of the the case of some error in proceedings. |
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| the factors which the defense introduces in a capital case which would give the jury reason to deny a death penalty punishment |
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| motion for change of venue |
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| request to move the location of a trial becuase the pretrial publicity would prevent a defendant from getting a fair trial. |
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| a request to postpone a lawsuit to gain more time to prepare the case |
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| a request by the defendant to examine, before trial, certain evidence prepared by the prosecution |
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| a request filed by a criminal defense attorney, asking the court to exclude certain evidence |
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| exception to traditional seach and seizure procedures whereby the police are allowed to enter without identifying themselves first due to possible situations which might proved dangerous to individuals |
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| a defendant's response to criminal charges that does not admit guilt but also does not contest the charges |
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| to remove a juror because of race, ethnic origin, or sex |
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| the area around someone who is being arrested that can be searched without a warrant. |
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| a release from legal custody based on a defendant's promise to return to court |
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| a trial jury that weighs the evidence presented incourt and renders a verdict |
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| the process under criminal law by which an accused person agrees to plead guilty in exchange for a promise from the prosecutor to reduce the charges or the punishment |
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| pretrial proceedin at which the prosecutor must prove that a crime was committed and establish the probable guilt of the defendant |
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| the status of the accused at the beginning of a trial which puts the burden of proof on the prosecution to prove guilt rather than the defense having to prove innocence |
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| those few persons whose relationship to an acused person makes them immune frm giving incriminating statements to investigating authorities |
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| a reasonable basis for believing that a person or premise is linked to a crime |
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| the fundamental right of an individual to own, use, rent, invest in, buy and sell property |
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| the party who brings charges against the defendant in a criminal case |
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| procedures covered in the fourth amendment which have to do with police investigation and arrest or detention |
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| an order signed by a judge describing a specific place to be examined for specific items |
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| giving evidence and/or answering questions that would tend to subject one to criminal prosecution |
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| to choose from a given panel the persons to serve on a jury |
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| a legal order that a person appear or produce requested documents |
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| mental or physical torture used to obtain a confession |
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| the finding or answer of a jury in a matter submitted for their judgment |
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| questioning of perspective jurors to determine any possible prejudice or bias either for or against the defendant |
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| to voluntarily give up one's rights or to consent to something |
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| a blank or general search warrant |
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| a court order to relase a person accused of a crime to court to determine whether he or she has been legally detained. |
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| requirement that employers and other institutinos must take positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination against minorities and women |
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| to abstain from using, buying, dealing with to expres protest or coerce |
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| Brown v. Board f Education of Topeka |
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| 1954, Supreme court ruling which ended separate but equal doctrine |
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| name for a mexican american |
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| legislation considered the most comprehensive of the civil rights legislation; it forbade racial discrimination in public accomodations |
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| the efforts in the 1950's |
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| segregation that results from governmental action |
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| racial segregation that results from governmental action |
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| unfair treatment of individuals based on race, sex, ethnicity, age, or religion |
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| to take away or lose the right to vote |
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| the tendency o a law or regulation to have a differential effect on persons of different races or sex. |
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| 1972, law which strengthened earlier las by prohibiting sex discrimination in activities ranging from hiring and firing to promotion, pay, and working conditions (Equal Employment Opportunity Act) |
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| clause in the fourteenth amendment that forbids any state to discriminate against persons because of race, national origin, or sex |
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| removed from the states the power to deny the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude |
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| that which became the basis for the formal definition of US citizenship and served as the basis of civil rights protection |
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| freedom of information act |
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| 1966, congresssional law requiring federal agencies to provide citizens access to public records on request |
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| individuals in the civil rights movement of the sixties who helped integrate public transportation |
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| one that the constitution explicitly guarantees |
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| a provision that makes an exemption in the law for a certain group based on previous conditions |
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| the intermediate test for discrimination when the burden is on the gov't to show that its classifications serves "important gov'tal objectives" and is substantially related to those objectives. |
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| an American citizen of Spanish descent |
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| one requiring racial segregation in such places as schools, neighborhoods, public transportation, and restaurants |
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| another name for Hispanics |
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| requirement imposed by some states that prospective voters must prove they understand national and state laws |
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| rights of all citizens to dignity and worth, aka human rights. |
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| 1898, Supreme Court decision which legalized separate but equal |
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| money paidin order to be able to vote |
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| an unreasonable and unfavorable opinion, especially of a hostile nature against a racial, religious, or national group |
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| a class of citizens to which the heightened scrutiny test for discrimination applies |
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| the drawing of election districts so as to ensure that members of a certain race are a minority in all districts |
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| basis for judging sex discrimination which says that any law that classifies people on the basis of sex, "must rest on some ground of difference and not be arbitrary" |
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| a restriction in a deed limiting to whom property may be sold and how it may be used. |
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| unfair treatment of people that results from he attempt tocounter the effects of discrimination of others |
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| security classification system |
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| the provision that information on gov't activities related to national security and foreign policy may be kept secret |
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| separate but equal doctrine |
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| the policy allowing separate facilities for diferentiates as long as those facilities were equal |
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| the most stringent test for discrimination used when a suspect class or a fundamental right is involved |
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| one that prohibits public officials from holding meetings not open to the public. |
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| one that is subject to strict judicial scrutiny |
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| University of California Regents vs. Bakke |
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| Supreme Court hearing which upheld affirmative action but prohibited reserve discrimination |
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| tactic of southern Democrats which disenfranchised black coters by denying them participating in the only viable election in the all-Democratic south. |
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