Term
|
Definition
| super-rational political actors (political psych is a counterweight) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| application of principle, finding, methods of psychology to political behavior |
|
|
Term
| First phase of political psych |
|
Definition
| personality phase: idiographic, psychoanalytic, and authoritarian personality |
|
|
Term
| Second phase of political psych |
|
Definition
| groups, people motivated by social cognition |
|
|
Term
| Third phase of political psych |
|
Definition
| political cognition: recognition of internal cognitive limitations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rigorous and systematic observation of subject |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| case studies, content analysis, interviews, nonverbal behavior analysis, small-group, broad surveys |
|
|
Term
| goal of psych experiments |
|
Definition
| identify plausible sets of psych variables; obtain evidence of their operation in the real world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early developmental experiences gone awry in some way |
|
|
Term
| Allport's prejudiced personality |
|
Definition
| highly responsive to threats, believe in hierarchy |
|
|
Term
| Authoritarian personality |
|
Definition
| harsh, moralistic socialization, intolerance of social ambiguity |
|
|
Term
| RWA=Right Wing Authoritarianism |
|
Definition
| associated with conservatism, support of convention, submissive to authority, aggression towards subordinates |
|
|
Term
| SDO=social dominance orienation |
|
Definition
| 1) society should be structured hierarchically; 2) higher status groups are superior; 3) to the victor go the spoils |
|
|
Term
| Four approaches to study leaders |
|
Definition
| psychodynamic, stage theories, trait theories, motive theories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in depth psychological case study of a particular person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) need for power; 2) need for cognition (cognitive complexity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad belief system (philosophical beliefs about nature of political universe) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ways in which we perceive, interpret, analyze, construct, remember, and use information about our social world |
|
|
Term
| models of social thinkers: |
|
Definition
| consistency seeker, naive scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resolves cognitive dissonance, inconsistencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| careful and rational processing of information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of other plausible causes minimizes any one possible causal explanation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| presence of inhibitory cause strengthens other causal explanations |
|
|
Term
| Kelley's Covariation model |
|
Definition
| explains attributions derived from multiple observations |
|
|
Term
| fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| the overestimation of the influence of dispositional factors relative to situational factors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tend to attribute behavior of self to situation, unlike attributions to others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very limited cognitive resources--conserved at all costs through shortcuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| abstract mental structure that organizes the social world into meaningful categories |
|
|
Term
| Negative consequences of schemas |
|
Definition
| fail to notice key information; see/remember things that didnt happen; fail to remember things that did happen; draw faulty conclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| using schemas to try to make different situations similar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental shortcuts employed to reduce complex and/or difficult judgments to relatively simple, highly efficient judgments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| judges probability of an event by how readily it comes to mind |
|
|
Term
| representativeness heuristic |
|
Definition
| categorization of people/events based on perceived similarity |
|
|
Term
| conjunction fallacy: the belief that the probability of two events co-occurring is more probable than one event occurring alone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expectation that chance evens out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| starting point of judgment biases judgment and adjustment is insufficient |
|
|
Term
| triggers for high effort thinking |
|
Definition
| something unusual happens + awareness of error + sufficient motivation + mental capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expected standards of behavior established and enforced by a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clusters of socially defined expectations that individuals are expected to fulfill |
|
|
Term
| Sherif's Norm Development research |
|
Definition
| analyzed conformity to highly ambiguous reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unambiguous, conformity breaks down in absence of unanimity |
|
|
Term
| consequences of being in a group |
|
Definition
| social categorization leads to ingroup identification/favoritism; outgroup homogeneity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of individualism because of being in a group; loosens normal constraints on behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enduring system of positive or negative beliefs, affective feelings, emotions, and action tendencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to differentiate the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens in the mind while people move from observation of a stimulus to a response to that stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a complex assortment of affects, beyond merely good feelings or bad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collection of people who are perceived to belong together and who are dependent on one another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a deeply held sense of who a person is, where he or she fits in the political and social world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of a person's self-concept that is determined by the groups to which the person belongs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deeply held beliefs about what should be true |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Big 5 personality trait--a person is trusting, positive, and good-natured |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| core personality traits: neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, openness to experience, conscientiousness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Big 5 personality trait--means a person is responsible, dependable, and goal-directed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| research by looking at political actors' statements, inferring from those statements some aspects of their political psychological makeup |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unconscious techniques used to distort reality and prevent people from feeling anxiety |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism wherein people may deny reality or deny an impulse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the personality that moderates the id, and its desire for pleasure, and the realities of the social world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything and looks with contempt on outsiders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Big 5 personality trait--means a person is outgoing, talkative, assertive, and likes to socialize |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical technique used to identify which personality traits cluster together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the warehouse for all instincts and drives; follows the pleasure principle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an analysis of both differentiation (distinct dimensions of a problem taken into account by decision makers) and integration (connections made by decision makers) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a content analytic technique developed my Margaret Hermann |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| view of the world in which an individual does or does not perceive some degree of control over situations in which they are involved |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those aspects of a personality concerned with goals and goal-direct actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a personality traint involving concern with excellence and task accomplishment |
|
|
Term
| need for affiliation intimacy |
|
Definition
| a personality trait involving a concern with excellence and task accomplishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a personality trait involving a concern for impact and prestige |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a fear of being punished for doing something the id wants the person to do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Big 5 personality trait--means that a person is anxious, has maladaptive coping tendencies, and is prone to depression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Big 5 personality trait--means that a person is proactive, independent, and tolerant of different viewpoints |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constructs representing the overall belief systems of leaders about the world |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Freudian concept that describes people's desire to satisfy sexual and aggressive drives |
|
|
Term
| prior policy experience or expertise |
|
Definition
| a leader trait that helps to determine person's policy making predisposition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a computer-based program for developing a Leader Trait Assessment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism attributing one's own objectionable impulses to another person |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theories that assess the role of the unconscious in human behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism wherein people reinterpret their own objectionable behavior to make it less objectionable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| demands of the id will be blocked or channeled in accordance with reality and personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a defense mechanism in which a person involuntarily eliminates an unpleasant memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the moral arm or conscience of the personality |
|
|
Term
| task-interpersonal analysis |
|
Definition
| relative emphasis in interactions with others on getting the task done versus focusing on the feelings and needs of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| personality characteristics that are stable over time and in different situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a part of the mind that people are unaware of |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a generic term for a whole range of preferences, evaluations, moods, and emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a country or group perceived to be equal to the perceiver's country in terms of culture and capability, with good intentions, multiple groups in decision-making roles, and associated with threat or opportunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when information similar to other information is perceived as even more similar than it objectively is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a psychological theory that argues that people process information like naive scientists--search for a cause in the behavior of others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a country or group is perceived to be superior in capability, inferior in culture, monolithic in decision making, and associated with extreme threat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| associations people create between an object and its attributes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a country or group perceived as inferior in culture and capability, benign in intentions, monolithic in decision making, and associated with opportunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a social category serves as an anchor or central reference point for incoming information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a country or group perceived as superior or equal in culture and capability, but lacking resolve and will. It is associated with perceptions of opportunity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an aversive state that results when behavior is inconsistent with attitudes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of individuals to accept more responsibility for joint outcomes than others attribute to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enemy is perceived as relatively equal in capability and culture. Diabolical enemy is aggressive and highly rational to generate complex conspiracies |
|
|
Term
| fundamental attribution error |
|
Definition
| occurs when people attribute other people's behavior to internal, dispostional causes rather than to situational causes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political psychology concept equivalent to a stereotype for a political group or country |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to retrieve information that is plausible without any regard to actual probabilities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a country or group perceived to be superior in capability, dominating in culture, exploitive in intentions, and associated with threat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to attribute behavior to dispositional rather than situational factors for people we dislike |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency to attribute positive behaviors to dispositional factors and negative behaviors to situational factors with individuals we like |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a country or group perceived as inferior in culture and capability, with monolithic decision making and associated with threat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conflicts in which the efforts made by one state to defend itself are simultaneously seen as threatening by its opponents, even if those actions were not intended to be threatening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tendency for individuals to take responsibility for their successes but not for their failures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beliefs about the attributes of people in particular groups or social categories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a perceptual illusion that occurs when a single point of light in a darkened room appears to be moving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when coalitions form on the basis of considering expected payoffs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a small collection of group members who cooperate in order to achieve a common goal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capacity to punish those who do not comply with requests or demands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the factors that cause a group member to remain in a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when individual members of a group avoid behaviors costly to them as individuals, resulting in harm to the group as a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| behaviors that reward an individual member can be harmful to the rest of the group, especially if engaged in by enough members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these groups, such as social groups, are based mostly on the attachments between group members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| groups based primarily on attachments to the group identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to change one's beliefs or behaviors so that they are consistent with the standards set by the rest of the group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which a group of people is perceived as a collective identity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this occurs in situations in which some course of action has led to losses, but there is a possibility of achieving better outcomes by investing further time, money, or effort |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expectations based on norms of equity and equality and group members will appeal to whichever norm provides them with the largest payoffs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first stage of group formation: this stage is also referred to as the orientation stage |
|
|
Term
| fundamental interpersonal relations orientation |
|
Definition
| an explanation of how joining a group can fulfill psychological needs. Three needs fulfilled: inclusion, control, and affection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency for individuals opinions to become more extreme after a group discussion than before the discussion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| governmental policy groups develop a pattern of interactions between group members that emphasizes the maintenance of cohesion, solidarity, and loyalty. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an individual difference variable that predicts a person's tendency to conform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when coalition members expect payoffs that are directly proportional to their ability to turn a losing coalition into a winning one |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when group members form coalitions on the basis of equal input and output |
|
|
Term
| need for affiliation intimacy |
|
Definition
| a personality trait involving a concern for close relations with others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a personality trait involving a concern for impact and prestige |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the third stage of group development, a phase in which conflict is replaced with cohesion and feelings of unity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| expectations about how all group members should behave in a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the fourth stage of group development. Performance usually only occurs when the groups mature. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| power a person possesses when others identify with that person, because they are similar to us or because we want to be like them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to control the distribution of positive and negative reinforcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which groups combine the preferences of all the members of the group, to arrive at a single group decision |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency of group members to work less hard when in a group than when working alone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how power is distributed in a group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the second stage of group development, which is characterized by conflict |
|
|
Term
| three-stage model of group decision making |
|
Definition
| 1) orientation 2) discussion 3) decision making (Bales and Strdtbeck, 1951) |
|
|
Term
| Stages of group development |
|
Definition
| 1) forming 2) storming 3) norming 4) performing 5) adjournment |
|
|
