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| A.)Plato/Aristotle B.)Socrates metaphorically ideal city. It is important to Political Philosophy because it underscores the impossibility of complete perfection in a city. Aristotle critiques: by getting rid of your family your getting rid of affection, City in speech is in fact not a city and just a large household, philosopher kings rule like masters, not fulfilling, diversity is a huge part of city |
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| A.)Plato B.)In Plato's Republic, Socrates unleashes three waves of controversial ideas. Each wave will contribute to the city in speech being the most just city.(Men/Women will receive same education, abolishment of family, Philosopher Kings must rule). Significance, means to obtain justice and equality. |
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| A.)Plato/Aristotle B.)According the the 3rd wave, these will be the rulers of the city in speech. They will not rule for personal benefit, but for the betterment of the city. They are truth, knowledge, and wisdom loving. Aristotle critiques the Philosopher King; says he will rule more like mastery than a political leader. |
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| A.)Plato/Aristotle B.) The character of political organization in a a given city. Regimes affect the soul and the nature of man. The 4 regimes for Plato are Timocracy(Honor-Loving), Oligarchy(Money-Loving), Democracy(Freedom-Loving), and Tyranny(love for everything). Aristotle has 6 regimes kingship, aristocracy, polity VS. tyranny, oligarchy, and democracy. |
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| A.)Aristotle/Plato B.)A regime; Plato says is the worst of the deficient ones, occurs after a democracy due to excessive freedoms for the people, Plato says that tyranny is brought about by failure to control the soul. Aristotle says that it's ruled by one person for private advantage and is the worst type of regime. Aristotle says, "best way to be a tyrant is to not appear to be a tyrant". |
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| A.)Aristotle/Hegel B.)Aristotle, nature of people is to be political and engage in political life. And that political life is a vehicle to the "good life", humans strive towards living the "good life". Natural man has reason. Outside of the city, humans are worse than animals "most savage beasts". Some man are slaves, others are masters, naturally, NATURE IS WITHIN THE CITY. Hegel; human perceptions include subjectivity and objectivity. Human nature is constant and remains constant and remains constant due to subjectivity. Nature does not "develop over time", but rather changes forms dramatically. The spirit is what moves humans away from nature. The spirit helps us develop reason; human beings differ from animals because we have reason. (Hobbes/Rousseau); nature is outside of civilization, man is best outside civilization. Rousseau says natural man doesn't have reason. |
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| A.)Aristotle B.)Polity is the most just regime ruled by many for the common advantage. It's balanced out by the "middling sort". Polity is a compromise between oligarchy and democracy. |
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| A.)Hegel/Aristotle/Plato/Rousseau/Nietzsche/Hobbes B.)Hegel says hapiness is not important; world historical individuals will never experience happiness, nor do they wish to be happy, they only wish to carry out their end. Aristotle, criticizes city in speech for not being happy, says happiness is somewhat important. Plato believes it pays to be just, because just people are happier, the just soul is the happiest soul, the tyrannical soul and most unjust soul is the least happy. Rousseau says that man in the state of nature is happier than in civilized society, savage man is happier, in his happiest natural state man would not know unhappiness. Neitzsche says that humans cannot obtain the ambivalent the ambivalent happiness that animals can due to their inability to live unhistorically. Hobbes argues that humans do not have a complete notion of happiness, just passions and desires, happiness is continual process. In fact Hobbes refers to happiness as felicity. |
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| A.)Aristotle/Plato. B.)Plato-this comes after timocracy in his downward spiral of regimes(characterized by property love+money)-few rich rule poor haven no say-creates factions and class warfare -leads to Democracy. Aristotle-small elite class rules for private advantage (Aristotle says worse than democracy Vs. Plato thinks its better than democracy. |
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| A.)Plato/Aristotle. B.) Both think bad. Worse for Plato, Plato says ruled by people for love of freedom, freedom makes them think of any laws relate to slavery-therefore dont abide by any laws=Tyranny. They feel socioeconomic classes divide=tensions & poor take over and free everyone. Too much freedom = Tyranny. Aristotle says that it's rule by many, many poor. |
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| A.)Plato/Aristotle/Hegel/Rousseau B.)Plato no freedom in city in speech. Aristotle-city in speech too communistic. Hegel-goal of human history is to achieve freedom. Rousseau-natural man is free, and gov should protect these freedoms. |
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| A.)Aristotle/Plato/Rousseau B.)Plato-factional conflict main threats to CIS, rids it by abolishing family and uses predestination. Aristotle-factions bring change=revolutions(worst). Rousseau, growing inequality create factions |
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| A.)Plato&Machiavelli/Aristotle B.)Plato-Republic centered on justice. Socrates-justice is harmony btwn 3 parts of city(wisdom, victory, gain)(Philosophers, Gaurdians, Auxilaries) and the soul(rational, spirited, appetitive). Machiavelli-justice has no limits. ends to justify means-foundation of justice is injustice. Aristotle-compromise btwn equality and inequality, justice=equality for equals, inequality for unequals. |
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A.) Machiavelli B.)the ends justify the means, meaning that any method is legitimate to achieve something good. To describe this, NM explains how Agathocles was a terrible ruler for not being able to hide his cruelty, instead, Cesare Borgia is a great prince because he uses, and hides, cruelty well.
C.)This idea is important to political philosophy today because there are many examples of when the idea of ends justifying the means is debated. For example, the nuclear bombed dropped at Hiroshima was cruel and terrible, and yet it ended the war. |
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A.)Hobbes&Rousseau B.1)For Hobbes, life is a “war of all against all” and life is “nasty, brutish, and short.” In nature, people are not good to each other. Therefore, for Hobbes, the purpose of the commonwealth is to get out of the state of nature.
B.2)Rousseau disagrees, and argues that human tendencies such as competition and desire are born when people come into community with one another, therefore, for Rousseau, the state of nature is better than the commonwealth. |
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| A.)Rousseau/Aristotle B.)Rousseau 2 kinds physical and moral. Natural inequality can't be controlled-older wiser stronger. Moral inequality bad - comes from society. Aristotle- believes equality for equals inequality for unequals-too much equality destroys diversity-fabrication of equality kills Plato's CIS. |
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| A.)Hegel&Nietzsche B.1)Hegel-history's purpose to to strive for freedom. 3 types original, reflective, philosophical. History=rational. even bad history contributes to the good parts. Nietzsche-history=advantageous&disadvantageous. 3 types-monumental(great moments), antiquary(ur connected to past), and critical(condemns history). Disadv.-prevents living in moment. Adv.-repeat good not repeat bad "we need historical horizon" |
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| World Historical Individual |
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| A.)Hegel B.)world history individuals are vehicles for the development of history. They have wisdom, foresight, and leadership abilities. They “seize upon a higher universal” because they can comprehend the greater picture. These individuals help history along its path toward greater human freedoms, in coordination with 'spirit', 'idea', universal idea. Facilitate great moments in history. |
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| A.)Nietzsche B.)ability to forget past & not consider future. to be unhistorical need unhistorical sense=calculate, act rationally. We can only live unhistorically cus we act, animals only ones capable of being unhistorical. |
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| A.)Aristotle/Rousseau/Hobbes B.)Aristotle-good life from society-humans are naturally political=we want to use reason to fill their higher nature. Rousseau-community=hardships, society has inequalities and contrast state of nature. Civil society not support self-preservation. Hobbes-Agrees with Aristotle on importance of civil society, more cynical-humans are horrible people & need government for control=self preservation |
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| A.)Hobbes/St. Thomas/Rousseau B.)Hobbes-law of nature=self preservation, kill if you have to. St. Thomas-practical reason, non-contradictive,do what's good and lifes good, preserve it. Rousseau-natural law not natural cus it's product of society-society is unnatural. |
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