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| True or False. Ancient Greek and modern Greek are very different |
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| justice/custom/doing what is proper/accepting one’s role or position |
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| justice/custom/doing what is proper/accepting one’s role or position |
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| virtue/efficiency or skill/excellence or skill |
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| virtue/efficiency or skill/excellence or skill |
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| o If someone got sick or there was a storm or earthquake then it was mysterious to these people in these early times. They would try to explain them by using superstition or non logical explanation or religion. |
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| Pre-logical epoch of human history |
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| What is meant by the Pre-logical epoch of human history? |
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o If someone got sick or there was a storm or earthquake then it was mysterious to these people in these early times. They would try to explain them by using superstition or non logical explanation or religion.
o This was the way of thinking during this early time.
o The same words can have many different meanings and can be hard to determine the definition. |
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| 6th Century B.C.E. Miletus in Ionia (a commercial-port city) |
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| Ionia is on the coast of _________ |
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The grandfather of this group
C.640-546 B.C.E.
• His famous saying “Everything is full of god”
Everything can be explained by laws of physics and matter
• This is not how the ancient Greeks thought back then
o Greeks believed everything was full of gods
Begins the search in world for something permanent element that underlies or unites everything
• He said by using our mind or applying reason we can find what element that unites us all
o Reason and Nature, NOT magic or the supernatural
• He said the common element that unites everything is water |
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| Greeks believed everything was full of ________ |
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• He said by using our mind or applying reason we can find what element that unites us all
o Reason and Nature, NOT magic or the supernatural |
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| What is Thales famous saying? |
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| "Everything is full of gods" |
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| • He said the common element that unites everything is water |
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| o He believed that the soul is immortal |
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| o He believed that humans are reincarnated |
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| • Cosmos means order, fitness, beauty |
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| He termed the word cosmos. |
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C. 582-500 B.C.E.
Philosopher
Mathematician
• Immortality of the soul
o He believed that the soul is immortal
• Reincarnation
o He believed that humans are reincarnated
• Link between mathematics & the universe
o There is some kind of mysterious link between mathematics and the universe
Pythagorean Theory
The universe is a place of order and harmony
• Not a world where gods are fighting and turning the world upside down
• The world has rules, the universe has rules
He termed the word cosmos:
• Cosmos means order, fitness, beauty
Microcosm: People are seen as a miniature reflections of the universe |
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C. 540-480 B.C.E.
He said “The opposite is beneficial; from things that differ comes the finest attunement; all things are born through strife.”
• You don’t really get change unless you have two things that oppose each other
He said “You can never step into the same stream twice.”
• When you step into a stream, it is a little different than when you step out and then back in; the water has changed, etc
The basic constituent of the universe: fire.
• Physicists, Einstein believes that everything is energy. All matter is composed of energy and fire releases this
The basic principle of life is conflict and flux.
• Nothing endures but change.
Logos, reason that directs us to truth, alone is eternal |
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He said “The opposite is beneficial; from things that differ comes the finest attunement; all things are born through strife.”
• You don’t really get change unless you have two things that oppose each other |
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He said “You can never step into the same stream twice.”
• When you step into a stream, it is a little different than when you step out and then back in; the water has changed, etc |
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He said the basic constituent of the universe: fire.
• Physicists, Einstein believes that everything is energy. All matter is composed of energy and fire releases this |
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| He said the basic principle of life is conflict and flux. |
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| Some have called him the father of philosophy |
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| Some have called him the father of philosophy “Father of philosophy” – first to explore the meaning of reality/being (term first used by him) • He explores the meaning of life and what being is about • Ontology is the attempt to understand “being” or existence o What does it mean to exist in the universe are the questions he looked at Parmenides uses Ontology Nous: the rational organ of cognition (perception & knowing) • Our ability to perceive things and understand it Logos: The faculty that allow us to argue logically Influenced Socrates • One of Socrates teachers Abstract reasoning can be used to discover truth (pure thought) • Through pure thought people can arrive at truth of the universe where as the people before him they used science and elements to find truth Change is an illusion • He says there is no real change that it is nothing but an illusion The “void” does not exist • There is not void, there is not empty space. That the empty space may be matter that fills the “empty space” Sense perception is untrustworthy • Philosophers do not trust their perception o An example is that you are driving on a hot desert. While driving you see a pool of water at the distance but it is an illusion and is not really there. o Our senses are not reliable |
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He is the first to explore the meaning of reality/being (term first used by him)
• He explores the meaning of life and what being is about |
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| _______ is the attempt to understand “being” or existence |
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Influenced Socrates
• One of Socrates teachers |
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| According to Parmenides, change is what? |
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| He said that there is not a void, there is not empty space. That the empty space may be matter that fills the “empty space” |
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| He said that our senses are not reliable. |
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| He said reality is cyclical. |
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He said that humans have been formed out of a combination of elements.
• Chance of combinations of elements produced living beings |
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| He said "survival of the fittest" |
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Reality is cyclical
• Where traditional societies believe history is cyclical
o People believe that there are cycles of life. The societies rise and fall around the world
He said that humans have been formed out of a combination of elements.
• Chance of combinations of elements produced living beings
“Survival of the fittest” |
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C. 460-370 B.C.E.
He said “In truth we know nothing, for truth lies in the depth.”
He said “By convention there is color, by convention sweetness, by convention bitterness, but in reality there are atoms and space.”
• The universe is a very strange place and we may never fully/truly understand
• Light and matter seems to act as particles. Light will act as both at the same thing.
• Particles in the universe are matched and not matter how far they are away from each other, they still react or respond instantly to the opposite particle.
o This can’t be explained by scientist
He invented the concept of the atom
There is no creation and no destruction of matter
• He kept breaking up matter until it got smaller and smaller until he could not see it anymore.
• This is the first law of thermodynamics
• All the matter that is here has always been here
• Everything that was in the past is here today, the matter has just changed form
Atomoi – the “unsplittable”
• We can actually break up atoms today into protons, electrons, etc |
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| He invented the concept of the atom |
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| He said there is no creation and no destruction of matter |
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There is no creation and no destruction of matter
• He kept breaking up matter until it got smaller and smaller until he could not see it anymore.
• This is the first law of thermodynamics
• All the matter that is here has always been here
• Everything that was in the past is here today, the matter has just changed form |
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| Atomoi means the _________ |
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C. 490-429 B.C.E.
A leading statesman of ancient Greece during this time
• He was a leader
The Golden Age of Greece
The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.E.)
• Athens VS Spartans
Wait for that wisest of all counselors, Time
This is the age of Greece that historians romanticize about
• A city that is full of ideas that we study today
• Great art and architecture, medicine, etc |
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A leading statesman of ancient Greece during this time
• He was a leader |
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| Was constructed under Pericles’ rule: 447-432 B.C.E. |
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| The political system of Athens for approximately 500 years |
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| Athens opereated at a state of ______ |
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| What were the three main classes of athens? |
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-Slaves – about 1/3rd of the population, no political role
-Metics – resident foreigners, no political role; people interested in learning that were tourists
-Citizens – reborn, males Athenians; full political participation |
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| The legislative assembly; all (male) citizens 20 years or older; debated and enacted public policies; regular sessions (about 40 meetings a year). |
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| a.k.a., the council of 500, was the administrative council, about 500 members chosen annually by lot, implemented, enforced and administrated the law (oversaw daily application of policies) adopted by the Ekklesia. |
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| a.k.a., the council of 500 |
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| Wielded most actual power; propose measures for the Ekklesia to consider; controlled public finances, property and taxation; the Athenian fleet; could imprison citizens or have them set to a regular court; but all had to be approved by the assembly |
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| Tests of fitness before entering the office |
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| Considered the most severe punishment;expelled |
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| selected by lot daily (251-501 out of a pool of 6,000); decision by majority. |
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| True or False. Greeks didn’t think it was a problem if you were on the jury and knew the person on trial and being accused; Knowing them was considered kind of a plus |
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| Ten generals, elected to lead in time of crisis (e.g. war) and to provide guidance and wisdom (Pericles). |
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| People who were prominent in times of war; Natural leaders |
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| Their authority only came in times of war; in peace time they were considered of high wisdom that would listen to your issues |
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| What were the political institutions of Athens? |
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1. Ekklesia
2. Boule
3. Juries
4. Strategos |
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| Athens was divided into about _____ demes |
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| A system where people are randomly selected out of a stack of names not considering any types of qualifications. |
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| What are the benefits/strengths of a LOT? |
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1. Diffuses power
a. Makes wealthy people not as powerful as the common man
2. Eliminates elections, factions, parties, etc.
a. Fixed elections, corrupt parties are not an issue when they are selected randomly in a LOT
3. Reduces role of ambition in public life
4. Eliminates need for a civil service or a bureaucracy with a special language or special powers to protect
5. Serves as a check on “experts” and mystification of the system
6. Promotes a sense of civic duty and responsibility
7. Educates people to social life, forces them to confront conflicting interests and to consider the public interest (breaks down the barrier between public and private life)
8. Responsibility is clearly assigned (as opposed to a hierarchy)
a. This person is responsible for this situation and if money is missing then we know who to blame |
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| ______ and ______ criticized democracy and claimed that the Ekklesia needed experts to govern. |
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| _____ becomes the most powerful critic of democracy in the history of the world |
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| _____ gets the credit for reviving the idea of democracy |
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| Pericles _______ ________, excerpt: “Our government does not copy our neighbors….” – famous speech given by Pericles that honored men in battle that had passed. |
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| ______ Funeral Oration, excerpt: “Our government does not copy our neighbors….” – famous speech given by Pericles that honored men in battle that had passed. |
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