Term
|
Definition
| What governments choose to do or not to do |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Provides us with
1) general and scientific understanding of causes and consequences
2) ability to provide policy recommendations to policy makers
3) professional advice and understanding of social problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-regulate behavior
-organize bureaucracies
-distribute benefits
-extract taxes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grown in period from 1900 to 2000, from 8% to 35% of GDP |
|
|
Term
| Government growth driven by |
|
Definition
| 2 world wars, spending during great depression, homeland security needs, recent bailouts and stimulus bills |
|
|
Term
| best way to determine what government is doing |
|
Definition
| look at government spending |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what governments do, why they do it and what diff it makes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
study of politics
-study of who gets what, when, and how |
|
|
Term
| focus of traditional political studies |
|
Definition
| institutional arrangements of government (constitutional requirements, etc) |
|
|
Term
| what challenges policy analysis |
|
Definition
| complexity of social problems and unpredictability of human behavior |
|
|
Term
| how is policy analysis an art |
|
Definition
| requires creativity in dealing with public issues |
|
|
Term
| how is policy analysis a science |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scientific review of how public policy is made |
|
Definition
-Conditions that are political, social, economic and cultural are independent variables
-policies are dependent variables |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| study of consequences of public policies and is unsystematic |
|
|
Term
| Uses for conceptual models |
|
Definition
1) simplify our understanding
2) suggest explanations
3) identify important aspects of policy problems |
|
|
Term
| Conceptual models not designed to.. |
|
Definition
| lead us to moral judgements about the policies |
|
|
Term
| Candidates according to public choice theory |
|
Definition
| for office, or re-elections, run as moderate candidates (in the middle) to maximize number of votes they get |
|
|
Term
| View of policy making in US |
|
Definition
| bottom up; democratic-pluralist model |
|
|
Term
| Role of president, congress, and bureaucracy in policy |
|
Definition
-pres is initiator
-congress is arbiter
-bureaucracy is implimentor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leading think tank in american public policy |
|
|
Term
| Where most americans get news |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many bills filed by congress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How interest groups influence policy |
|
Definition
1) testifying before congress
2) making campaign contributions
3) writing legislation |
|
|
Term
| Difference between policy impacts and policy outputs |
|
Definition
| policy impacts is impact of policy..output is dollars spent, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Primary interest of policy evaluation |
|
Definition
| policy impacts, not moral rightness of policies |
|
|
Term
| How net benefits and cost of policy is derived |
|
Definition
| adding both immediate and long term symbolic and tangible benefits of a policy and subtracting costs of same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deals with PERCEPTIONS of government actions |
|
|
Term
| Evaluation of governmental agencies |
|
Definition
| site visits, hearings and reports, evaluation of citizen complaints, program measures, comparison of professional standards |
|
|
Term
| Most common form of research design |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| control (no manipulation), experimental group has program applied to it |
|
|
Term
| Government Accountability Office (GAO) |
|
Definition
| arm of congress. broad authority to audit the operations and finances of federal agencies, evaluate their programs, and report findings to congress. |
|
|
Term
| First problem addressed in public program evaluation |
|
Definition
| determine what goals of program are |
|
|
Term
| Ways bureaucrats explain negative findings |
|
Definition
-effects of program are long range and cant be measured at present time.
-effects are diffuse and general in nature, no single criterion or index adequately measures what is being accomplished
-effects subtle and cant be identified by crude measures or statistics
-experimental research cant be carried out effectively bc to withhold services from some ppl to observe impact of witholding is unfair
-no diff found b/w persons percieving services and not reciving means program not sufficiently intensive; indicates need to spend MORE resources on program
-failure to identify any positive effects is attributable to inadequacy or bias in research itself, not in program |
|
|
Term
| Why government programs are rarely terminated |
|
Definition
-concentrated benefits, dispersed costs
-legislative and bureaucratic interests
-incrementalism at work |
|
|
Term
| 5 things dye says is emphasized w. political approach to policy analysis |
|
Definition
-search for common concerns that might form basis for identification of societal probs
-reasonable tradeoffs among conflicting values at each stage of policy making process
-search for mutually beneficial outcomes for diverse groups; attempting to satisfy diverse demands
-compromise and conciliation and willingness to accept modest net gains (half loaf) rather than suffer loss of more comprehensive proposals
-barganing among participants, even in separate policy areas, to win allies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
establish fear of consequences to an action.
-defense in game theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distribution of money and power among federal, state, and local governments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| power that governments have to control the agenda in debates, makes certain issues unacceptable for discussion in moderate public forms. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political action committees. solicit and recieve contributions from organizations and distribute to political candidates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Develop action recommendations. explicit policies or programs designed to resolve national problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| people behave differently when they know theyre being watched |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-constitution
-statutes
-common case law
-administrative regulations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all people higher up in government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-bottom up: public opinion shapes policy
-top down: policy shapes peoples opinions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-all policy interventions in social problems produce the intended effect-if research carried out by those implementing policy of by their friends
-no policy intervention in social problems produces intended effect-if research carried out by independent third party, esp skeptical of policy |
|
|
Term
| diff b/w policy analysis and policy advocacy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest expenditure of state and local governments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Largest expenditure of federal government |
|
Definition
| social security and medicare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decreased since early 90s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| come from FBI, may not be very accurate |
|
|
Term
| Non-serious or victimless crimes |
|
Definition
| drug possession, prostitution |
|
|
Term
| Crime as a result of heterogeneity |
|
Definition
-cause of crime: problem ID and agenda setting
-african americans (12.3 % pop, 40% people in prison) |
|
|
Term
| Current thought on crime and deterrence suggests.. |
|
Definition
| punishment should be certain, swift, severe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| since 1990, both sentence and % of sentence served have increased |
|
|
Term
| Major responsibilty for law enforcement in US |
|
Definition
| rests with state and local government |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| less than it was 20-30 yrs ago, even though it increased since mid-90s |
|
|
Term
| Most generous funding for policies dealing with illegal drugs |
|
Definition
| dedicated to law enforcement, as opposed to rehabilitation, education, or interidiction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects us from unreasonable search and seizures |
|
|
Term
| effect of gun control laws |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equal protection under 14th ammendment requires that free legal counsel be appointed for all indigent defendants in all criminal cases |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suspects entitled to confer with counsel as soon as police investigation focuses on them or once process shifts from investigatory to accusatory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| before questioning suspects, police must inform them of all constitutional rights. |
|
|
Term
| 2008 poverty line for family of 4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| establishment of most major entitlement programs in us |
|
Definition
| under leadership of presidents franklin roosevelt and lyndon johnson |
|
|
Term
| Most funding for entitlement programs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TANF: temporary assistance for needy families |
|
Definition
| federal program to assist needy families with dependent children, replacing AFDC |
|
|
Term
| percent of US living below poverty line |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| group most likely to be poor in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| considers alcoholism to be a disibility |
|
|
Term
| welfare reform initiatives under clinton administration |
|
Definition
| resulted in reduction of welfare rolls by more than 50% |
|
|
Term
| President obama estimates health care reform |
|
Definition
| proposal will insure an additional 30 mill people |
|
|
Term
| Leading cause of death in us |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-no skills in demand
-less demand for work
-discrimination
-poverty is way of life
-failure of family structure |
|
|
Term
| Supreme court and separate but equal schooling |
|
Definition
| struck it down and desegregated nations schools in decision in brown vs. board of education in topeka, 1954 |
|
|
Term
| primary provisions of no child left behind |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| schools primarily financed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| efforts to increase diversity in education |
|
Definition
| based on desire to promote greater presence of people from various ethnic and racial backgrounds |
|
|
Term
| recommendations in A Nation at Risk |
|
Definition
-min highschool ciriculum of 4 yrs english, 3 yrs math, 3 yrs social science, 1/2 yr comp sci
-4-6 yr foreign language beginning in elementary
-standardized tests for achivement for all subjects
-more HW, 7 hr school day, 200-220 day school yr
-reliable grades and standardized tests for promotion and graduation
-preformance based salaries for teachers and rewards for superior teaching |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focus on fixing little things, then more serious things wont be as common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-SAT scores decreased in 60 and 70s with increased spending.
-caused by lapse in focusing on basics, more students taking test (some that didnt want to go to college) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-federal education aid program
-preschool preparation to disadvantaged kids before entering kindergarten or 1st grade |
|
|
Term
| ESEA (elementary and secondary education act) |
|
Definition
| -poverty impacted schools primary beneficiaries (instructional materials, educational research and training) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -testing to improve performance in elementary and secondary schools. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| american association of retired persons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-racketeer influenced and corrupt practices
-combat organized crime and drug trafficking
-allowed department of justice to seize money and property of people suspected of crimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 day waiting period to buy fire arms
-cool off period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protect health insurance coverage for workers and families when they change or lose their jobs
-also HIPPA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| social security insurance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spur reforms in state and local district K-12 education |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-institutionalism
-process
-rationalism
-incrementalism
-group theory
-elite theory
-public choice theory
-game theory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-policy as institutional output
-focus on major branches of governemtn
-determines process in which government operates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-policy as political activity
-prob ID, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy legitimentation, policy implimentation, policy evaluation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-policy as max social gain
-most gain for most people
-seletion of most cost effective alternative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-policy as variations on past
-keep what came before, add to it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-establishing group equilibrium
-balance achieved through competing interests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-policy as preference of elite (special interests)
-view masses as passive, apathetic, ill informed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-policy as collective decision making by self interested individuals
-majoritatian system (market like)
-let indiv preferences form groups. then lobby for policies that favor their need/desire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-policy as rational choice in competitve situations
-look at strategies of opponents to find favorable policy
-defense: deterrence
-psychological defense |
|
|
Term
| 6 ways to tell if models are helping |
|
Definition
-order and simplify reality
-identify what is significant
-be congruent with reality
-provide meaningful communication
-direct inquiry and research
-suggest explanations |
|
|
Term
| Ways media impacts public policy |
|
Definition
-identifying issues and setting agenda for policy makers
-influencing attitudes and values toward policy issues
-changing behavior of voters and decision makers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of pop for whom program is intended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| effect on groups other than those program is intended for |
|
|
Term
| Problems confronting policy evaluation |
|
Definition
-determine what goals of program are. incompatible goals to satisfy diverse groups. avoid conflict, avoid studies raising questions
-most programs have primarily symbolic value. make target group feel like government cares, but no changes.
-strong interest in proving programs have positive effect. view attempts to evaluate programs as limiting or destroying them or question competence of administrators.
-heavy investment in programs and policies; predisposed against finding these policies dont work
-study of impact by government involve interference w/ ongoing program activities.
-program evaluation needs funds, facilities, time, personall..governemtn agents dont like to sacrafice from ongoing programs. |
|
|
Term
| is welfare reform working? |
|
Definition
-declining welfare roles
-continuing welfare needs
-reforming welfare reform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-single fam households
-blacks at higher rates than whites
-aged less poor than non aged (own home, access to federal benefits, medicare, etc)
-temp vs persistent poverty
--most temp, less than 2 yrs
--persistent (more than 5 yrs) place strain on welfare system |
|
|
Term
| B/w 1900 and 2000, governments responsibilites regarding public policy have generally |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| area of public policy that recieves most funding from state and local government |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| traditional political science focuses primarily on |
|
Definition
| institutional arrangements of government |
|
|
Term
| most serious reservation about policy analysis is inability to make accurate predictions bc of |
|
Definition
| complexity of social problems and human behavior |
|
|
Term
| policy analysis art bc of need for |
|
Definition
| creativity in dealing w/ public issues |
|
|
Term
| group theory views public policy as |
|
Definition
| balanced achieved b/w competing interests |
|
|
Term
| doesnt apply to policy analysis |
|
Definition
| prescribing what government ought to do |
|
|
Term
| interested in 2 major branches of government primarily interested in the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| not part of policy process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incrementalism views public policy as |
|
Definition
| continuation of past policies |
|
|
Term
| elite theory maintains that |
|
Definition
| society divided into many w/ power and few w/o |
|
|
Term
| pub choice theory views policy as |
|
Definition
| collective decision made by self interested individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| notion of deterrence is important component of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| according to dye, most expensive undertaking of fed government is |
|
Definition
| social security and medicare |
|
|
Term
| agency responsible for making sure tax dollars spent honestly and wisely |
|
Definition
| government accountability office (GAO) |
|
|
Term
| which of following NOT assumption of rational model |
|
Definition
| policy makers should adopt incremental approach and always stick w/ known programs or choose policy alternatives close to current policies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| selection and enactment of policies deemed by decision makers to be best solution to problem |
|
|
Term
| not one of 6 steps of policy making process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in practice, policy evaluation, as practiced in washington, state capitals, and city halls, is |
|
Definition
| done to learn if policies are achiving stated goals, final step in policy process model, unsystematic |
|
|
Term
| constitutional issue of diversity in higher education |
|
Definition
-use of racial or ethnic classification of applicants to college for diversity
-14th ammend: no state shall deny to anyone equal protection of laws.
-civil rights act prohibits discrimination on race, color, national origin by recipients of federal financial assistance |
|
|
Term
| capital punishment heated argument |
|
Definition
-8th ammend: cruel and unusual punishment
-prohibit unfair application: death penalty used indiscriminately
-death penalty reinstated: america thinks necessary criminal sanction
-racial bias: stats show is victim white=death; black, maybe not
-executions
-moratorums
-deterrent value:little deterrent effect (inflicated on so few after many yrs) |
|
|
Term
| symbolic and tangible effects |
|
Definition
-perceptions that individuals have government action and attitudes toward it
-even if government policies dont succeed in goal, failure to TRY would be even worse
-judge policy in terms of good intentions rather than tangible accomplishments. |
|
|
Term
| concentrated benefits dispersed costs |
|
Definition
| the whole population bears the cost of a government policy that benefits only a small minority. |
|
|
Term
| public policy both art and science |
|
Definition
-Art: requires insight, creativity, imagination in identifying societal probs and describing them, devising public policies that could alleviate them, finding out whether these end up making things better or worse
-Science: tasks require knowledge of economics, political science, public administration, sociaology, law, statistics. |
|
|
Term
| expectations from strong k-12 public school system |
|
Definition
-address themselves to all of nations problems
-raise verbal and math performance levels of students |
|
|
Term
| issues by religious groups in education |
|
Definition
| -interpret meaning of no establishment clause of 1st ammend. as it affects government aid to church related schools and prayer in pub schools |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-interpretation: doesnt prevent government from aiding religious schools or encouraging religious beliefs in pub schools as long as it doesnt descriminate against any particular religion.
-another interp: clause creates wall of separation b/w church and state to prevent government from directly helping religious schools or encouaging religious beliefs in any way |
|
|
Term
| brown vs board of education |
|
Definition
-state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional.
-closing of schools rather than desegregating them
-other issues with trying to keep black children out of schools, etc. |
|
|
