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involves the police denying “equal protection to racial and ethnic minorities in the United States by failing to protect them from violent
racist actions by Whites, by declining to ensure their basic human rights, and by inadequately responding to problems of crime and neglect in minority neighborhoods.” |
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| oppressive and often brutal treatment of marginalized groups by police.” 4 These styles of policing highlight the historical conflict between police and underrepresented groups in society. |
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the practice of informal
social control in which community members protected one another, citizens raised the
hue and cry , or call to arms, upon being victimized. |
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The need for formal social control
(e.g., policing) became increasingly evident as rioting occurred and populations significantly increased in the cities as industrialization took hold. |
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Political Era, the Reform Era, and the Community Era. 15 While the history of a complex profession such as policing can be difficult to categorize into three periods, there are several identifiable characteristics of these eras, particularly as they relate
to multiculturalism. |
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Term
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The political era of policing (1840–1930) was characterized by police officers seeking
an intimate relationship with the community and politics heavily influencing police departments and police practices. The police had limited technology during this time,so they walked beats, which encouraged police–community interaction. |
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| the practice of politicians rewarding friends, created police departments that often reflected the communities they served. 18 For instance,the Irish Americans began appointing their friends as police officers once the Irish Americans began to win political power. |
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(1919–1933), which criminalized the sale, transport, and manufacturing of alcohol. It was during Prohibition that police officers sometimes
took advantage of “favors” offered in exchange for them looking the other way while alcohol was served. |
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(1930–1980), also known as the progressive era, was a time when police–community relations suffered and police became increasingly
reliant upon technology and overly concerned with efficiency. It was during the reform era that police departments began heavily using police cars to enhance overall police practices. |
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| 1965 President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (also known as the President’s Crime Commission). |
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| The Commission focused on enhancing professionalization of policing and police officers by hiring more members of minority groups and encouraging departments to become more community-oriented. Another commission, the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (also known as the Kerner Commission), was created to study the causes behind the rioting. |
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which extended the exclusionary rule ,
or the prohibition of introducing illegally seized materials in court proceedings, to apply in all courts and jurisdictions in the United States |
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| which mandated that all defendants are entitled to representation. |
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Court ruled that any evidence obtained by police during a
custodial interrogation cannot be used in court unless the suspect is nformed of his or her basic rights. |
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| Court clarified the law surrounding when a police officer can stop and question a person. |
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| The current community era of policing , |
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began around 1980, involves efforts
by the police to re-connect with the public primarily through the adoption of the community policing philosophy. |
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“a systemic approach to policing
with the paradigm of instilling and fostering a sense of community, within a geographical neighborhood, to improve the quality of life.” |
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| Problem-oriented policing |
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involves a four-step approach to
addressing specific crimes in the community. These steps include scanning communities to identify problems, analyzing the nature and extent of the problem, responding
to the problem, and assessing whether or not the problem is properly addressed. Without a doubt, police getting back in touch with the public while maintaining a
concern for crime control was needed in light of events occurring during the latter part of the reform era. |
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| Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 |
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| prevents governments, unions, employment agencies, and private employers with 15 or more employees from discrimination based on color, race, sex, religion, or national origin. |
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| involves officer decision-making, is evident in all aspects of police practices and at times is recognized as a necessary evil. Discretion is necessary in policing as officers face difficult situations, involving multiple variables, as a regular part of their job. |
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