Term
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Definition
| Governing arrangements (principles, rules, institutions) among states |
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Term
| Three Securities of Order |
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Definition
| Physical safety, property rights, contract enforcement |
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Term
| Two Examples of International Orders |
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Definition
| Congress of Vienna (1815-1914) & The Liberal Order (1945-2000s) |
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Term
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Definition
| Order makes productive social interaction possible. |
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Term
| Why is international order a problem? |
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Definition
| You need order to get order |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Is there a distinction between domestic and international politics? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ordered politics, hierarchy, state holds a monopoly on coercive violence, state uses monopoly on coercive violence to enforce compliance with rules |
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Term
| Monopoly on Coercive Violence (examples) |
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Definition
| Judicial branch, police, military |
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Term
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Definition
| Anarchy, no supra-national entity has a monopoly on coercive violence, no supra-national entity can enforce compliance with the rules, no security of person/property/promises |
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Term
| Ikenberry's 3 Ideal Types |
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Definition
| Balance of Power, Hegemonic, Constitutional |
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Term
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Definition
| Countervailing coalitions restrain power |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Institutions restrain power |
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Term
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Definition
| Not enough power under Balance of Power because of under-supply of security (free riding), not enough power under Constitutional orders because they under-supply security and states are reluctant to cede sovereignty (free-riding), and too much power under Hegemonic because they under-supply security due to unconstrained power |
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Term
| Constitutionalized Hegemony |
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Definition
| Hegemon supplies rules, rules attract wide consent, free-riding problem mitigated, rules and institutions constrain hegemon's power, eases insecurity |
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Term
| International Cooperation |
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Definition
| When two or more actors adopt policies that make at least one actor better off without making any actor worse off (joint gains, mutual benefits) |
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Term
| Strategic Interactions of Cooperation |
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Definition
| Outcomes are a function of interdependent decision making, outcomes depend on the choices of two or more actors, each actor makes choices in anticipation of the choices others will make |
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Term
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Definition
| Shows how strategic interaction works between actors (gains/losses) |
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Term
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Definition
| Canonical game in the theoretical model of cooperation (trapped in your own decision while trying to anticipate other actors' decisions) |
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Term
| Example of The Prisoner's Dilemma (The Puzzle) |
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Definition
| India and Pakistan nuclear weapon crisis (both have costly programs but are extremely poor, both take funds from health/education/investments, allocate scarce resources to guns rather than butter out of strategy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Both countries are risk-free (3,3), higher payoff if they "don't build" nuclear weapons (in the case of India v. Pakistan) |
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Term
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Definition
| Both countries are equally at risk (2,2), since they are both building (in the case of India v. Pakistan) |
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Term
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Definition
| One country loses while the other experiences the highest payoff (1,4/4,1) by building and the other not building. |
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Term
| Two Main Reasons States CAN'T Cooperate |
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Definition
| Talk is cheap, others can't make binding commitments |
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Term
| 2 Resolutions to the Prisoner's Dilemma |
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Definition
| Third Party Enforcement, Iterated Play |
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Term
| Third Party Enforcement... |
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Definition
| Reduce insecurity by inserting a third party to defend each against the other, third party can disarm other actors, third party can transform relationship between two parties, international organizations (UN) could be a third party enforce |
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Term
| Example of Third Party Enforcement |
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Definition
| NATO and US in Europe post-WWII |
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Term
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Definition
| Iterated Prisoners' Dilemma is repeated play without a known endpoint, actors care about the future and the discount rates, employ a reciprocity strategy (tit for tat), cooperation can be sustained, international organizations (UN) could be conceived as infrastructure to create this solution |
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Term
| How could an international organization (UN) help create conditions for an Iterated Play? |
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Definition
| Iterate the game, provide rules against which to evaluate actors, provide information necessary to monitor |
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Term
| Who supplies order in the 20th century? |
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Definition
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Term
| Wilsonianism/The League of Nations |
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Definition
| Woodrow Wilson established the League of Nations post-WWI in hopes of establishing order/cooperation |
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Term
| What would Ikenberry call the League of Nations? |
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Definition
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Term
| How was the League of Nations used as a Collective Security Mechanism? |
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Definition
| Commitment to resist aggression by any country and against any country at any time, all countries must promise to send troops to assist, used to deter war |
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Term
| Why did the League of Nations fail? |
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Definition
| United States refused to participate (Article X/Congressional sovereignty), Britain thought treaty was too punitive/unwilling to enforce it, France was unable to enforce it on it's on, Germany felt threatened by all |
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Term
| What was the result of the League of Nations? |
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Definition
| Pervasive insecurity from all, continuation of mutual hostility and suspicion (especially between France and Germany), filed reconstruction and eventually war |
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Term
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Definition
| The world is divided into two (Core and Gap) |
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Term
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Definition
| Security in the core is a consequence of having a strong local tie with US military, having strong tie to global economy, being integrated into the global order |
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Term
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Definition
| US military actions (since 1990) have taken place mostly in the gap, security threats arise here most often, how US wants to extend order |
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Term
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Definition
| US as a hegemon has world government characteristics (unrestrained power from one big power could be beneficial for all) |
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Term
| US Characteristics as World Government |
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Definition
| Military presence resolves security dilemmas for others, US assumes responsibility for checking the spread of nuclear weapons to rogue states and terrorists, Navy patrols shipping lanes to ensure safety of trade/commerce, supply the world's currency, keeps oil flowing to the industrial economies |
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Term
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Definition
| None-excludable, non-rivalrous |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals seek to enjoy benefits without paying a share of the cost by free-riding on contributions of others |
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Term
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Definition
| Public goods will be under-supplied relative to social demand for them due to free rider's lack of participation |
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Term
| What do free riding and market failure tell us? |
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Definition
| Hegemony is necessary for order |
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Term
| How does hegemony solve the problem with order? |
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Definition
| Privileged group, hegemon as member of said group, benefits to group are greater than cost of not providing order |
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Term
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Definition
| A group that contains at least one member for whom the benefit of the public good is great than the total cost of its production |
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Term
| What are the foundational principles of the American Order? |
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Definition
| 14 Points/The Atlantic Charter |
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Term
| 14 Points (January 8, 1918) |
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Definition
| Restructure the International System by creating International Organizations, provide national self-determination, allow non-discriminatory international trade (open markets, equal basis), and freedom of seas (Point 2) |
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Term
| The Atlantic Charter (August 13, 1941) |
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Definition
| International Organization (arms control/disarmament) (Point 14), Nationa self-determination (right to decide how individuals want their government/economy ran) (Point 7-13), Free and Equal access to World Markets and materials (Point 3), and Freedom of the Seas |
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Term
| Who, What, When, Where, and Why for Atlantic Charter |
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Definition
| Winston Churchill and FDR on the U.S.S Augusta on August 14, 1941. |
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Term
| Principles of Liberal Order |
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Definition
| Create international organizations, decolonize and democratize areas, promote economic interdependence by creating an open and non-discriminatory global economy, enforce global stability through interdependence |
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Term
| 3 Parts of the United Nations |
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Definition
| The Legislature, The Executive, and The Judiciary |
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Term
| The Legislature of the UN |
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Definition
| The Security Council (5 players) and The General Assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| US, Great Britain, France, Germany, and China (power to veto) |
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Term
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Definition
| Rotating countries serving on the Legislature to represent whole nations |
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Term
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Definition
| The Secretary General and Agencies |
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Term
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Definition
| International Court of Justice |
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Term
| How many people work for the UN? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the UN's annual budget? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Development, Humanitarian Affairs, General Services, Peace and Security, and Economic and Social |
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Term
| Development Agency of the UN |
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Definition
| UN Development Program, Children (UNICEF), and Population (UNFPA) |
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Term
| Humanitarian Affairs Agency of the UN |
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Definition
| Emergency Relief (ERC), Refugees (UNHCR), Food (WFP), and Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA) |
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Term
| General Services Agency of the UN |
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Definition
| Legal affairs, management, General Assembly affairs, information, internal oversight |
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Term
| Peace and Security Agency of the UN |
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Definition
| Department of Political Affairs (DPA), Department of Peacekeeping (DPKO), Department of Disarmament (DDAR) |
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Term
| Economic and Social Agency of the UN |
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Definition
| Economic and Social Affairs (DESA), Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Environment (UNEP), Living Conditions (Habitat), and Drug Control (ODCCP) |
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Term
| Collective Security System |
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Definition
| UN provides framework for collective security (all members must refrain from threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independent of any state), self-defense is exception |
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Term
| Bifurcated Security System |
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Definition
| Great Power Conflict vs. Small Power Conflict |
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Term
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Definition
| Carried out outside the UN (NATO, Warsaw Pact) |
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Term
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Definition
| Carried out inside the UN (peacekeeping, peacemaking) |
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Term
| Example of Bifurcated Security System on Small Power Conflict |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 Reasons Security Council Action Is Rare |
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Definition
| Permanent member agreement is required to obtain a Resolution, conflict being discussed must be important to at least some permanent members, free-riding |
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Term
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Definition
| UN emphasis between 1945-1970, completely restart/rebuild an area |
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Term
| General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV) of December 14, 1960 (prevents Decolonization) |
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Definition
| Alien domination contrary to UN charter, people have the right to self determination, inadequacy of political/economic/social conditions is not a legitimate excuse for refusing independence, all powers of government should be transferred to indigenous peoples, disruption of the national unity or territorial integrity of a country is contrary to UN charter |
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Term
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Definition
| UN role limited because of sovereignty, o right to intervene in a member country's domestic political affairs |
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Term
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948) |
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Definition
| In response to Hitler's holocaust, the UN attempted to extend international protection to individuals |
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Term
| Examples of the International Trade System |
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Definition
| ITO, GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade), UNCTAD, and WTO (World Trade Agreement) (established to create market-based and non-discriminatory alternative to empire-based economic arrangements created earlier by European states) |
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Term
| Examples of the International Monetary System |
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Definition
| The Bretton Woods Organization, The International Monetary Fund, and the World Bank (established to help provide exchange rate stability and investment funds for development to support international trade) |
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Term
| Bretton Woods Organizations and the UN |
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Definition
| World Bank and other Regional Development Banks, UN Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations, Development Program, and IMF (International Monetary Fund) |
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Term
| What changes in global politics emerged from the consequences of economic development? |
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Definition
| Rise of emerging market countries as powerful actors, power transition, and American hegemony |
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Term
| The Three Pillars of The Liberal Order |
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Definition
| Collective conflict management to the extent possible, decolonize/democratize/provide rights, economic interdependence |
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Term
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Definition
| Hobbes belief that humans can't change, cooperation is impossible, and realities can't be altered |
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Term
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Definition
| Kant's belief that humans can change their environment, organizations can reduce threats, cooperation is possible, and realities can be altered |
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Term
| When did the state system originate? |
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Definition
| During the 30 Years War (Hapsburgs vs. Sweden) Sweden crushes Germany, Swedish king dies, 1/3 of German population dies |
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Term
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Definition
| Victory for German princes, France, and Sweden over Hapsburg empire/Catholic church, gave individual princes the ability to govern their own land, enables other states to maintain independent decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| Forces to acquire the means of your own self defense (stockpile of weapons, military buildup) |
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Term
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Definition
| By increase in defense, neighbors will be threatened, neighbors will increase defense to protect himself, mutual distrust |
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Term
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Definition
| Income, wealth, technology, military |
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Term
| Global Distributions of Power |
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Definition
| Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar, or hegemonic |
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Term
| What would be the consequences of a world without order? |
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Definition
| Waning empires/religions fanaticism, endemic plunder and pillage of the world's forgotten regions, economic stagnation, and retreat back into fortified enclaves |
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Term
| What is Hobbes solution to the state of nature? |
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Definition
| Leviathan (American Realists say this is impossible) States would never ceded sovereignty to a supra-entity and states will balance against emerging hegemons |
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Term
| Bifurcated Approach Since the mid-1980s |
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Definition
| The bifurcated approach has increasingly converged around the neo-liberal Washington Consensus |
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