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Definition
| a country’s national interest pursued abroad (a set of objectives that the country has outside its borders) |
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| Foreign policy five objectives |
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Definition
| Preserving the Country’s Sovereignty; Preserving the System of Government; Preserving the Ideology; Maintaining Physical Security; Maintaining Economic Security |
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| Preserving the Country’s Sovereignty |
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Definition
| successful due to geographical separation from Europe and Asia, powerful military in 20th and 21st centuries, and observance of international law |
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| Preserving the System of Government |
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Definition
| in WWII Japan was forced to change to republican form of government, due to failed foreign policy |
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| foreign policy designed to present ideology in a positive light and to persuade others that the country’s ideology is superior to others |
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| Maintaining Physical Security |
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Definition
Israel dependent on physical security, defense by western democracies; Switzerland survives without significant military presence; Costa Rica maintains security without army;
bilateral/multilateral treaties to reduce nuclear arms; Bush supports US right to preemptive strikes
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| Maintaining Economic Security |
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Definition
| embargoes, tariffs, quotas, free trade, most favored nation trade status, loans, grants; the European Union and North American Free Trade Agreement; global interdependence has increased cooperation |
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| Foreign policy five tools |
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Definition
| Diplomacy; Economics; Propaganda; The Military; International Terrorism |
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Definition
| used to collect intelligence and negotiate agreements without war, gain other point of view |
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Definition
| tariffs, developing new industries/products/technologies, securing raw materials, expanding exports, attempts to damage rival economy, exclusive trade, foreign aid to buy friendship |
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| US broadcast radio about life in noncommunist countries in Cuba, US subversion (negatively publicizing an enemy) of China’s mistreatment of citizens |
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Definition
| war to end danger or expand, targeted warfare (Middle East/Kosovo), surrogate warfare (using someone else’s army or rebels, guerillas, freedom fighters) is safer and cheaper, balance of power, peace dividends (reduction of military expenditures), US military expenditures less than 20% of total budget, US is largest arms merchant |
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Definition
| terrorism from above (by state on people, as in many dictatorships), from below (by private citizens, ends up in news) |
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Definition
Isolationism; Neutrality; Diplomatic and Judicial Accommodation; Social, Economic, and Cultural Cooperation; Balance of Power; Collective Security; Conflict
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Term
| Congress versus the President: Legislative Authority |
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Definition
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| Congress versus the President: Executive Authority |
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Definition
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| Congress versus the President: Make Laws |
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Definition
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| Congress versus the President: Command armed forces |
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Definition
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| Congress versus the President: Declare war |
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Definition
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| Congress versus the President: Negotiate treaties |
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Definition
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Term
| Congress versus the President: Appropriate money |
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Definition
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| Congress versus the President: Appoint diplomats and cabinet members |
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Definition
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Term
| Congress versus the President: Call out the militia |
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Definition
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Term
| Congress versus the President: Recognize other governments |
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Definition
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Term
| Congress versus the President: Raise and maintain armed forces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Congress passed laws allowing the chief executive to spend “discretionary funds”, money appropriated by Congress for the president to spend for unforeseen needs in the national interest [kennedy -peace corps. johnson- vietnam 1 bil]. |
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Definition
| Part of defense budget, what the money is spent on is ultra secret only a few congressional leaders have notion as to content. |
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Term
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Definition
| Age 18 to 64 (working population), starting to increase in terms of percentage. |
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Term
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| (65 and older- Social security and pensioners), retirees living on social security, they spend money and pay more than their fair share in state sales taxes. Problem is over one million seniors have left the state. |
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Term
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Definition
(Mostly under 18 - Receive public services: education, child care, human services, and public health care), Huge growth within this group largely due to increased birthrates among immigrants
Problem with current trends is they drive up state and local spending, while at the same time reducing the revenue generated by state income taxes and sales taxes.
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Term
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Definition
| State Personal Income Taxes; State Sales Taxes; Bank and Corporation Income Taxes; Motor Vehicle Taxes |
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Term
| State Personal Income Taxes |
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Definition
State Franchise Tax Board collects taxes
9.3% highest tax rate for state, and income taxes are indexed (re-adjusted for inflation)
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Term
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Definition
State Board of Equalization is the state agency that collects sales taxes from businesses and in turn consumers.
Sales tax can be increased by county by up to .75%.
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Term
| Bank and Corporation Income Taxes |
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Definition
| Corporation income taxes taxed 9.1%, so CA receives 46.%% of its revenue from income taxes. |
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Term
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Definition
Motor vehicle fees are a must for the state with most cars, Gray Davis increased fees 300% but this was repealed after he was recalled.
Regressive tax makes the poor pay more, progressive tax makes the rich pay more.
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Definition
| Education: K-12; Health and Human Services; Higher Education (University/State University/Community College); Prisons, Youth Authority |
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Term
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Definition
Education represents 41.5% of the state budget (Proposition 98 made at least 40% necessary),
School district controlled by local board elected by members.
State provides 85% of all educational costs per district. Costs $10,325 a year to educate a child in the K-12 public school system.
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Term
| Health and Human Services |
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Definition
| Public health care continues to decline as population increases. CA has 12.3% of US population but must support 16% of the nations health and human services recipients. |
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Term
| Higher Education (University/State University/Community College) |
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Definition
Recent increase of 30% forces students to pay more.
$6,780 Cal resident, $17,820 non resident for UC.
CSU $3,370/8,460
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Term
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Definition
| 162,700 men and women in CA prisons, $43,100 yearly cost to house a prisoner. |
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Term
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Definition
| Earmarked funds are those that have been committed and budgeted ahead of time to accomplish a certain purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
A bond is a debt, a loan in increments of $1,000, made to the state of California, which will be repaid by the state to the owner of the bond on a certain date usually in 20 years.
General Obligation Bond is secured by everything the state owns.
Revenue Bond is backed up only by the revenue gathered by that project.
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Term
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Definition
| Businesses are beginning to leave CA such as Nissan to avoid new taxes and other expenses, current high taxes, as well as “anti-business legislation's.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Warrants are needed to search the person and his or her properties. |
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Term
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Definition
| No person shall be held to answer for a capital or infamous crime unless on an indictment of a grand jury. |
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Definition
| Right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive bails or fines will not be imposed nor cruel and unusual punishment |
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Term
| The incident: all the mistakes defendant made to get stopped by police |
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Definition
Your car was careening recklessly about the street; You were observed by the officers reaching beneath the seat; Additionally, the officers noticed that you reached into the glove compartment and placed something in your mouth. You might be hiding or destroying the evidence.
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Term
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Definition
| Any substance or material seized due to a search that is unconstitutional (meaning there is no probably cause) will not be admissible in court. |
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Term
| Fruits of the poisonous-tree rule |
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Definition
| evidence traceable to an illegal search, seizure, arrest, or interrogation is inadmissible. |
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Term
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Definition
You have the right to remain silent; Anything you say can and will be used against you in court; You have the right to be represent by an attorney; If you cannot appoint an attorney, one will be appointed for you by the court to represent you free of charge; Do you understand your rights
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Term
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Definition
| Handcuff, read Miranda rights, and then transport back to police station at the back of the police car. |
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Term
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Definition
| vehicle can be impounded if there is reasonable suspicion that you harbor contraband. |
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Term
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Definition
| no right to refuse but you do have the right to have a lawyer. At a lineup , you are expected to say certain lines or be identified by a witness if you a re the culprit or not. |
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Term
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Definition
| pleads guilty and your charge got reduced. This is a bargain and it might not worked. |
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Term
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Definition
| directs the state to bring you before the court for a review of the legality of your detention |
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Term
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Definition
| money that pays to temporarily set you free until court trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| Must appear in court, where you will be informed of the charges against you and you will be asked to enter for a plea. |
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Term
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Definition
| preliminary examination of the state’s evidence in felony cases. Brought before a judge to determine if there is probably cause to believe a crime was committed by the defendant and whether the evidence justifies binding him/her over for a trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| Presumption of Innocence; Right to Counsel; Right not to testify; Right of Confrontation; Right to Subpoena Witnesses |
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Term
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Definition
| State must prove your guilt with proof beyond a reasonable doubt, you do not need to prove your innocence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Right to a to be represented by an attorney at your trial, guaranteed by sixth amendment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protected against self-incrimination, do not need to stand trial or testify. |
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Term
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Definition
| You are not required to take the stand, but those accusing you must. |
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Term
| Right to Subpoena Witnesses |
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Definition
| A court issues an order compelling an individual to testify at trial. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fifth amendment of the constitution protects citizens against double jeopardy. In other words, you are forever immune from prosecution by the state for this incident. You cannot be trialed twice for the same reason. |
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