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Poli Sci Exam 2
Political Parties, Interest Groups, Civil Rights
72
Political Studies
Undergraduate 2
10/07/2009

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Cards

Term
What makes civil rights different from civil liberties?
Definition

-Civil Rights are government given protection of your rights (sword)

-Civil Liberties are individual protection from the gov't (shield)

Term
The government is designed not to detect the people's will but to do what? Why is this important?
Definition
It is designed to respond to people who are involved. This relates to interest groups.
Term
The main goal of political parties is to do what?
Definition
To elect candidates from their party
Term
What are the two ways people can identify happiness with the political system they are in?
Definition

1. Public election polls

2. Election results

Term
Where does the concept of civil rights come from?
Definition
Colonial America
Term
What ended the reign of the Republicans in the mid 1900's and began the civil rights movement?
Definition
The Great Depression and the New Deal (FDR and Welfare)
Term
What amendment is specifically associated with interest groups? Which part is important?
Definition
The 1st Amendment, right to free assembly
Term
What political party controlled the government in the 1920's?
Definition
The Republican Party
Term
After the Civil War, what party controlled the government for nearly 30 years? Why?
Definition
The Republicans. Republicans were anti-slavery and the Democrats were considered the cause of the Civil War.
Term
Between 1865 and 1870, three civil rights were granted to slaves. What were they?
Definition

1. Slaves were freed.

2. They were given citizenship.

3. They were given the right to vote.

Term
In 1876, a significant period of history ended. What was it?
Definition
The Reconstruction
Term
In 1948, what did the Democrats do? What were the repercussions of what they did?
Definition
They adopted a stronger civil rights platform. This caused the dixiecrats to walk out and join the Republicans and black movement to Northern cities.
Term
In the Civil Rights Act of 1957, what was decided?
Definition
Blacks who felt their voting rights had been abridged could sue states in federal court
Term
Who was the dominant charismatic leader of civil rights in the 1960's?
Definition
Martin Luther King Jr.
Term
Civil Rights are safeguards against the efforts of governments or dominant groups from doing what?
Definition
Taking advantage of minority groups
Term
Reconstruction did not permanently solve the problem for African Americans, why?
Definition
Because it was a quick fix
Term
Name 4 Factors that contributed to the loss of black civil rights after the Reconstruction.
Definition

1. Rise of the KKK

2. Weakened efforts of the Republicans.

3. Higher taxes (dip in economy)

4. End of federal military presence in the South

Term
What was established in Plessy v. Ferguson?
Definition

-Separate but Equal policy

-Included political equality, but excluded social and economic equality

Term
What does Affirmative Action do? What doesn't it do?
Definition

It evens out past discrimination in jobs and college admissions. 

It does not fill quotas.

Term
What do opponents of Affirmative Action think is wrong with it?
Definition
It gives preferential treatment to minorities.
Term
Grutter v. Bollinger decided that affirmative action in college admissions was okay given what 2 reasons?
Definition

-If it increases diversity on campus.

-If it compensates for past discrimination.

Term
What court case decided that affirmative action was okay only in narrowly tailored policies?
Definition
Adarand Constructors Inc. v. Pena
Term
What is the Grandfather Clause?
Definition
Made anyone who's ancestors couldn't vote in the most recent election take a literacy test in order to vote. 
Term
In the Civil Rights Movement which interest group was dominant among African Americans?
Definition
NAACP
Term
What is an interest group?
Definition
A group of like minded people who present issues to the government
Term
What makes political parties and interest groups different?
Definition

-Political parties elect candidates

-Interest groups are single issued

Term
What are the goals of interest groups?
Definition

-Promote interests (to the government)

-Protect interests (gain membership)

Term
What are the three reasons people join interest groups?
Definition

1. Material benefits

2. Solidarity benefits

3. Purposive benefits

Term
What is public opinion?
Definition
A sum of the individual attitudes or beliefs about issues, questions, or persons in politics.
Term
What are the 4 main components of public opinion?
Definition

1. Direction- positive or negative

2. Stability- changing or constant

3. Intensity- how strong

4. Salience- prominence/visibility

Term
People are uninformed. How is public opinion helpful or reliable?
Definition

-Miracle of aggregation: informed opinions are still heard

-Elite opinions and shortcuts to info

Term
When considering public opinion polls, what four things should you keep in mind?
Definition

1. Did the poll ask the right people?

2. What is the margin of error?

3. What was the question?

4. Which question came first?

Term
What are 4 things that influence attitudes?
Definition

1. Ideology

2. Information

3. Framing

4. Personal Characteristics

Term
How did factions split into the political party issue?
Definition

-Subsections of parties

ex: neoconservatives, dixiecrats

Term
What did George Washington say about political parties?
Definition
BAD!
Term
Who did the federalist party gravitate around and what was his main issue?
Definition
Alexander Hamilton and the National Bank
Term
What did the New Deal do in the movement toward civil rights?
Definition

-Promote welfare

-Provide government assistance to blacks

-Investigate racial discrimination

-Rejuvinate the justice department's civil liberties division

Term
What did Brown v. Board of Education decide?
Definition
Separate but equal does not work, integration.
Term
What was MLK's winning strategy?
Definition
Nonviolent resistance
Term
Voter registration among African Americans skyrocketed after what?
Definition
Civil Rights Act of 1965
Term
What issue shifted political parties in the 1960's?
Definition
Civil Rights
Term
What was the Corrupt Bargain of 1824?
Definition
No candidate received enough votes to be elected president. Vote goes to the house. John Q Adams convinced Henry Clay to throw election in order to make him Secretary of State. Jackson started his own political party
Term
Which party has had power longer and more often than any other in American History
Definition
The Republican Party
Term
What is a political machine?
Definition
A political organization headed by a party boss.
Term
What was the Civil Rights Act of 1965 written in response to?
Definition
JFK assassination
Term
Where and when did affirmative action become a state issue?
Definition
California, 1996
Term
After 1964, what happened to political parties?
Definition
African American switched the Democratic party
Term
When did the Reconstruction begin?
Definition
1865, After the Civil War
Term
What percentage of Americans are involved in interest groups? How many are political groups?
Definition

~80%

15% political

Term
What are public goods and free riders?
Definition

Public goods- benefit provided for everyone

Free Riders- benefits without paying costs

Term
What are the three checks to the free rider problem?
Definition

1. Required membership

2. Social control

3. Selected Benefits *

Term
What is the Pluralist Theory?
Definition
Interest groups are a natural extension of democracy that allows free expression and association
Term
What is the Exchange Theory?
Definition
Interest groups are a rational relationship between suppliers and consumers
Term
What is the Niche Theory?
Definition
Interest groups form out a of a need for a feeling of belonging (biological and political arena)
Term
What type of group makes up the majority of interest groups?
Definition
Business
Term
What three advantages make interest groups successful?
Definition

1. Membership

2. Money

3. Leadership and expertise

Term
What are four ways interest groups get what they want?
Definition

1. Lobbying

2. Shaping public opinion

3. Campaign support through PACs

4. Lobbying the court

Term
What was the dividing issue between the Democrats and the Whigs?
Definition

Democrats supported farmers.

Whigs supported business and industrialization.

Term
What benefits does a person gain from belonging to a political machine?
Definition

1. Job security

2. Family protection

3. Connections

Term
What disadvantages do Political Machines present?
Definition

You have to vote for your party.

Is this democratic?

Term
What do modern political parties represent?
Definition

Republicans- small government, low taxes, strong defense

Democrats- strong government, socially liberal, higher taxes, anti-war

Term
What is the party in the electorate?
Definition
Citizens who give votes or campaign donations
Term
What is party as organization?
Definition
Elected officials or party organizers
Term
What is a responsible party system? (England)
Definition
You have to vote with your party, or else.
Term
What kind of party system is implemented in the US? Why?
Definition

2 party system

Tradition

Term
Why do minor parties fail to gain ground in presidential elections?
Definition

1. Lack of funding

2. Publicity

3. Too single-issued

Term
Party identification deals with what?
Definition

-Voting

-Personal beliefs

Term
What was decided in Griswold v. Connecticut? 1965
Definition
the right to prevent pregnancy before conception (birth control)
Term
What was decided in Roe v. Wade? 
Definition
The right to terminate pregnancy after conception.
Term
What was decided in Smith v. Allwright?
Definition
Court threw out white primary laws (previously black couldn't vote in primaries)
Term
What organization, founded by MLK, promoted nonviolence?
Definition
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Term
What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 establish?
Definition
-Outlawed racial segregation in schools and public places, and barred discrimination in employment based on sex. 
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