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| The system of government in which a constitution divides power between a central government and a regional government. |
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| Supreme and independent political authority. The ability to restrain the power of another part of government. |
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| Joining together for a common purpose, states retain sovereignty, compliance is voluntary. |
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| A form of federalism where the courts and the people (represented through congress) have independent authority. Used as a model throughout the world. |
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| Idea of a central governing body with authority to settle problems like free riding, coordination problems, and also to provide nationwide public goods and services. Promoted by federalists and in a sense the Democratic party today. |
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| Focusses more on state and personal autonomy or independence, allows for diversity and experimentation. Promoted by anti-federalists and in a sense the Republican party today. |
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| Expanded national power, established Judicial Review, highlighted the Constitution's implied powers through cases like McCulloch vs. Maryland, and Gibbons vs. Ogden (gave govt. power to regulate interstate commerce) |
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| Issues of Slavery/Territorial Expansion |
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| Issues that led to civil war, South tried to use 10th Amm (state's implied powers) in arguments. Led to the 13th (slavery), 14th (rights of all citizens), and the 15th (all citizens can vote, regardless of color) ammendments |
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| Post-War and Progressive Era |
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| Era in which there was political pressure to regulate commerce but also to stay out of state affairs (led byt he South). Courts gave states certain powers through cases like Plessy vs. Ferguson to regulate issues like racial rights. |
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| Era led by Franklin D. Roosevelt, huge advance in federal government. Provided the base for many social institutions that we have today like social security, direct income tax, natural resource government employment (TVA), labor unions, minimum wage, and a variety of economic programs. Pulled us out of the Great Depression. FDR is recognized as one of the best presidents of all time. |
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| Warren Court and the Civil Rights Movement |
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| Court that emphasized on the expansion in the role of federal govt. in state affairs. Brown vs. Board of Ed. (segregation in schools), criminal defendant's rights cases, established grants and aid. |
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| Court that emphasized on the 10th and 4th ammendments. Burden is up to the National govt. to show. Helped defendants and state autonomy (State vs. Lopez) |
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| Case dealing with a near school schooting. State used Commerce Clause (gives congress the power to regulate interstate commerce) which was broadly used (like in this case) and was used by the federal govt. as a huge empowering device along with Judicial Review. |
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| Forced states to comply with 21 year-old drinking age by taking away federal funding for necessary things like freeways and bridges. |
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| The notion that the Constitution grants to the federal govt. only those powers specifically named in its text. |
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| Implied Powers/ Necessary and Proper Clause |
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| The ability for Congress to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper (aka Elastic Clause). Implied through the expansive interpretation of delegates powers. |
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| Powers, derived from the 10th Amm, that are not specifically delegated to the Natl. govt. are given tot he states. |
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| The power reserved to the govt. to regulate the health, safety, and morals of its citizens. |
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| The authority possessed by both the state and national governments. i.e power to levy taxes |
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| Full Faith and Credit Clause |
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| Calls for states to honor the public Acts, Records, and Proceeings that take place in another state. Used most recently with same-sex marriage |
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| Privileges and Immunities |
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| States cannot discriminate against someone from another state or give special privileges to its own citizens. |
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| The power delegated by the state to a local unit of govt. to manage its own affairs. |
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| The way our system was set up before the 1930's where there were two distinct tiers of govt - federal and state, in which the states did most of the governing. |
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| Gave federal govt. right to regualte state and national commerce. Supreme Court was given tremendous power over the economy. |
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| Case dealing with whether or not Congress had the power to charter a bank (Bank of the United States), also whether or not the state could tax the bank. Supreme COurt ruled in favor of the national govt. |
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| Case dealing with whether or not Congress had the power to charter a bank (Bank of the United States), also whether or not the state could tax the bank. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the national govt. |
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| Case in which the national govt. stopped New York state from granting a monopoly to Robert Fulton's steamboat company. Gibbons prevailed, able to compete. |
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| atype of federalism existing since the New Deal era, in which Grants-in-aid have been used strategically to encourage states and localities to pursue nationally defined goals. |
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| A general term for funds given by Congress to state and local governments. |
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| Grant programs in which state and local governments submit proposals to federal agencies and for which funding is provided on a competitive basis. |
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| Grants-in-aid in which a formula is used to determine the amouint of federal funds a state or local govt. will receive. |
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| National standards or programs imposed on state and local governments by the federal government without accompanying funding or reimbursement. (No Child Left Behind Act) |
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| Federal funds given to state governments to pay for goods, services, or programs, with relatively few restrictions on how the funds may be spent. (Reagan) |
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| The process of removing a program from one level of government and passing it down to a lower level. (Clinton) |
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| The principle that states should oppose increases int he authority of the national govt. (Bob Dole tried to use to get elected) |
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| A legal doctrine holding that states cannot be sued for violationg an act of Congress. |
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| The mechanisms through which eachbranch of government is able to participate in and influence the activities of the other branches. |
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| The pre-eminent position assigned to Congress by the Constitution. |
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| The condition in American govt. in which the presidency is controlled by one party while the opposing party controls one or both houses of Congress. |
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| The claim that confidential communications between the president and his staff should not be revealed w/o the consent of the president. |
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| A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. |
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