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Definition
| is main organizting concept 1. it has a set of interdependent parts. 2. it has boundaries between systen and its environment. |
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| - refer to a group of people with a common identity |
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| Duverger’s law says that countries with SMD will have 2 parties and PR systems will have more than 2 parties. Note that his law says nothing about 2 party systems being centrist. That observation / theory was made famous by Anthony Downs’s spatial voting model, and Duncan Black who came up with the median voter theorem. |
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| Is the activity in which the political demands of individuals and groups are combined into policy programs. This is the book definition. Another way to think about it is to note that citizens have a lot of interests, and that it is not clear which of their interests will be acted upon or represented in government. Given that, it matters how different groups, whether they are political parties or interest groups, aggregate the interests and present them to government. Furthermore, the incentives of government officials and its institutional structure also play a role into who interests are aggregated, and which interests are acted upon. Also note that interest groups also play a role in interest articulation. Whether or not an interest group can aggregate, or is good at it, depends on its organizational capability. |
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| Refers to the way in which political values are formed and the political culture is transmitted from one generation to the next. |
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| Please list 3 elements of Madisonian Democracy |
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Definition
1.
Individual rights
2.
Checks and balances
3.
Limited government
4.
Separation of powers
5.
There may be others based on how they are argued. |
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Term
| Please list 2 elements of a parliamentary system of government |
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Definition
1.
Dual executive
2.
Prime Minister accountable to Parliament
3.
No confidence vote
4.
PM has dissolution powers
5.
PM is indirectly elected
6.
Strong parties
7.
There may be others based on how they are argued |
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Definition
| measure of national economic development. |
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Definition
| - a political system in which citizens enjoy a number of basic civil and political rights, an in which their most important political leaders are electe in free and fair eelctrions are accountable under rule of law. democracy means government by the people |
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Definition
| rule by the few, important political rights are withehld from the majority of the poulation |
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| systems in which the government constricts the rights and privacy of its citizens in a partciuarly severe and intrusive manner. |
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| suggests having interdependent parts, acting within a setting or an anvironment |
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| the volume and value of imports and exports, transfers of capital, internaitonal communication, the extent of foreign travel and immigration |
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| attittudes, beliefs, and values of the people in a country. |
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Definition
| the advantage of the system environment approach is that it directs our attention of what happens between and within countries |
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Definition
| involves individuals and groups expressing their needs and demands. |
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| decides which policy proposals become authorative rules |
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Definition
| carries out and enforces public policies, |
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| settles disputes about their application |
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| structural functional approach |
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Definition
| in different countries, the same structure may perform different functions, and institutions often do not have a monopoly on any one function. |
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Definition
| lists the distinctive activities of necessary for policy to be made and implemented in any kind of political system |
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Definition
| involves indidviduals and groups expressing their needs and demands |
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Definition
| combines different demands into poliy proposals backed by significant political resources. |
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Definition
| socailization, recruitment, communication |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the selection fo people for politiacal activity and government offices. |
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Definition
| - refers to the flow of information through the society and through various structures that make up the political system |
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Definition
| are the implementations of political profess, they are the substantive impacts on the society, the economy, and culture. |
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Definition
| of resources in the form of taxes like the regulation of behavior, distribution of benefits and services to various groups in the populations |
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Definition
| strucutre and function do for the intersts needs and aspirations of the people |
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Term
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Definition
| includes its citizens oreitnations at 3 levels - the political system, the policial and policy maing process, and policy outputs and outcomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| are another foundtain when people feel like they ought to obey the law, it leads to a more effective government. |
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Definition
| obey passively government officials and the law, but they do not vote or actively innvolve themselves in politics. |
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Definition
| are hardly aware of government and politics. they may be illiterates rural people live in remoete areas, or simply people who ignore politics and its impacts on their lives |
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Definition
| when acountry is deeply divided in its political values and these differences persist over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| is often a defensive reaction against ths pread of scientific views of nature and human bheavior, and the libtertarian values and attitudes that accompany these views. |
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Term
| agents of political socialization |
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Definition
| invididuals, organizations, and instituions that influence political attitudes. |
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Definition
| trend reflects long term responses to modernity as well as immediate reactions to current events |
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Term
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Definition
| that is an inccreased public acceptance of free markets and private profit incentives rather than government managed economy. |
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Definition
| are spontaneous groups that suddenly form when individuals react to an avent that stimlautes furstrations, disappointment, or other strong emotions. |
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Term
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Definition
| rarely are well organizated, their activity is episodic (loosely connected) |
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Term
| collective action problem |
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Definition
| where it's very difficult to organize such groups because although members share a common problem,none of them will underatket he effort to organizae other memebers |
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Term
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Definition
| are formal and have other political or social functions in addiction to artiulation. |
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Definition
| a society in which people are involved in social and political interactions free of state control or regulation. |
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Definition
| are formed explicitly to respresent the interests of a particular gorups such as trade unions and chambers of commerce |
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Term
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Definition
multiple groups may represent a single societal interest,
group membership is voluntary and limited
gorups often have loose or decentalizied organizational structure
there is a clear separation between interest groups and government. |
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Term
| neo-corporatist intest group systems |
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Definition
a single peak association normally rperesentseach society interest
membership is in the peak association is often compulsory and nearly universal
peakk associations are cnetrally organizated and direct the actions of their members
groups are often systematically involved in making and implmenting policies. |
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Term
| controlled interest group systems |
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Definition
there is a single group for each social sector
membership is often compulsory
each group is normally hierarchially organized
groups are controlled by the governemtn or its agents in order to mobilize support for government policy. |
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Term
| channels of political access |
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Definition
| to be effective, interest groups must be eble to reach policy makers through this. |
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Term
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Definition
| including deliberate assssination armed attacks on other groups or governemnt officials, and mass bloodshed are sometimes used by radical groups. |
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Term
| patron client networks --- |
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Definition
| structures in which a cnetral office holder, authority figure, or group provides benefits to supporters in exchange for their loyalty. |
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Term
| patron client networks --- |
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Definition
| structures in which a cnetral office holder, authority figure, or group provides benefits to supporters in exchange for their loyalty. |
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Term
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Definition
| like bureauactratic agencies and military factions, can also be interest aggragators. they negotiate with interest groups to identitify their preferences to mobilize support |
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Term
| competitive party systems - |
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Definition
| which primarily try to build electoral support |
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Term
| authoritarian party systems |
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Definition
| which seek to direct society. |
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Term
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Definition
| they determine who can vote, how poeple vote, and how the votes get counted. |
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Term
| single member district plurality election rule |
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Definition
| first pas the post, a horse racing term because the winner need only finish ahead of the others but not win a majority of the votes |
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Term
| proportional representation |
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Definition
| most democracies use some form of this in mutimember districts. |
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Term
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Definition
| the eected representatives are then simply drawn from the top of this list, in declinng order, and ordinary voters have no say about their candidates |
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Term
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Definition
| on the other hand, voters can give preferences votes to indiviual candidates, and these votes are counted when it is decided which canddidates will represent the party in that district. |
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Term
| majoritarian two party systems |
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Definition
| dominated by just two parties as in the United States or they have two dominant parties and elections laws that usually reate legislative ajorities for one of them in britain. |
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Term
| majority-coatiion systems |
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Definition
| parties estabish preellectoral coalitions so that voters know which parties will attempt to work together to form a government. |
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Term
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Definition
| the parties commanding most of the legsliative seats are not too far apart on policies and have a reasonable amount of trust in each other and in the political system. |
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Term
| consociational or accommodative |
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Definition
| describe party systems in which political leaders are able to bridge intense differences etween antagonist voter through power sharing broad coalitions and decentrailization of snesitive decisions to sepaarate social groups. |
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Term
| exclusive governing party |
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Definition
| which insists on almost toal control over political resources |
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Term
| includisve governing party |
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Definition
| recognizes and accepts at least some other groups and organizations but may repress that it sees as a serious challenge to its own control |
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Term
| electoral authoritarianism |
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Definition
| this is where there is a facade of democracy providing some space for political opposition, independent media and social organizations that do not seiroulsy cirtizise challenge or regime |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic rules governing how decisions are made |
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Term
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Definition
| between the prime minister and the parliamentary majority, in this parilimentary system, the prime minister and his cabbinent must at all times enjoy the confidnece of the parilimentary majority. |
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Term
| democratic presidential regime |
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Definition
| provides two separate agencies of government, the executive and the legislative sepaarately elected and authoritzed by the people. |
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Term
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Definition
| between confederal systems and unitary systems. |
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Term
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Definition
| systems in which powers of various government units are defined and limited by a written constitutions, statutes, and custom. |
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Term
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Definition
| systems in which high courts rule effectively on challenges that other parts of the government ehave exceeded the powers allocatedby the constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| federalism being separated in power into two chambers. represtentation of population and second in geographic units. |
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Term
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Definition
| modern socieityes are dominated by large organizations, and thee largest contemporary organizations of government are buraucracies, or their system of public administration. |
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Term
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Definition
| more important officials in bureaucracies are the experienced and expert personnel |
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Definition
| designed to trengthen national ideneity and community by reincofrcing a common language or culture, or promotiong an allgiance to a shared political heritage |
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Term
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Definition
| of mone and goods and services to citizens and resident and clients of the state |
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Term
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Definition
| of resources- money goods persons and services from the domestic and internationall environments |
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Term
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Definition
| of human behavior, the use of compulsion and inducement to bring about desired behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| political speeches holidays rites and public momnnuments and statues, and like, desired forms of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| common in the 19th century was very different from th expansive governements that emerged later. they sought to regulate just enough to preserve aw, order, a good business climate, and basic security of citizens. |
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Term
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Definition
| has evolved in all indsutries of societities as they faced complexities of modern life. |
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Term
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Definition
| propserious and democratic societies, distributes resources extensively to provide for health care, education, employment, housing, and income support |
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Term
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Definition
| includes sales, and value added taxes, excise taxes, and custom dutiies |
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Term
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Definition
| when citizens are most free and most able to act purposefully when their environment is stable, they reflect the functioning effectiveness of the whole political good |
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Term
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Definition
| such as economic welfare, quality of life, freedom, and personal security. |
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Term
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Definition
| one value to obstain another, spending funds on education is giving up the opportunity to spend them on welfare or leave them in the hands who earned them. |
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Term
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Definition
| are what you lose in one area by committing your resources to a different god. |
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Term
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Definition
| participation, compliance, and procedural justice. |
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Term
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Definition
| that is, the opulary exlected house of commons and the nonelected house of lords, is at one end of the white hall. |
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Term
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Definition
| where the prime minister works |
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Term
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Definition
| after the london street on which many government departments are located |
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Term
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Definition
| is a jumble of acts of parliament, cour trulings, customs and conventions that constitute the rules of the political game |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of ministers appointd by the prime minister to head whitehall departments. |
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Term
| trusteeship theory of government |
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Definition
| assumes that leaders out to take initiative in deciding what is collectively in public interest |
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Term
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Definition
| sees governmenet as balancing the competing demands of collective groups in society |
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Definition
| whitehall practices of "cutting corners" or abusing powers that have been protectef from parlimaentary scrutiny by legislaiton. |
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Definition
| usually have values in harmony with every party, these groups are non controversial, they advance cases quietly. |
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Term
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Definition
| are unable to negotiate because their demands are inconsistent with the party in power |
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Term
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Definition
| when both the largest parties are discredited, this gives other parties an opporunity to gain support |
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Term
| centralization/terrirotial justice |
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Definition
| that is the same standard of public policy ought to apply everywhere in the country |
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Term
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Definition
| devolution to socotland, wales, and northern ireland. where public policies don't apply everywhere |
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