Term
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Definition
| migitation of Anarchy (world system is leaderless) |
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Term
| Why is there cooperation ? |
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Definition
mutual gain
state interest
rules of behavior- reciprocity
but most rules, norms, institutions developed during time of power dominance so power still matters |
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Term
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Definition
| expectations held by national leaders about international relations |
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Term
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Definition
element of power. The principle of normal IR has been non-intervention, but international morality allows for intervention
ex:IRAQ |
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Term
| why do institutions matter? |
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Definition
| they facilitate cooperation (prisoners dilemma) |
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Term
| Krasner's defintion of International Regimes |
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Definition
rules, norms, procedures in a given issue area that govern state
ex) human rights regimes,environmental regimes, free trade regimes. |
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Term
| International organizations and institutions |
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Definition
| creat cooperation- neoliberalism |
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Term
| International Institutions |
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Definition
| they are rules that can be implied, explicit, physical or understood |
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Term
| International Organizations |
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Definition
they are physical/material. They have written charters, members, mandates. They are public and private, governmental IGO's, NGO's.
Ex) the UN, World Bank, Nafta, the EU
purpose= budget, funding |
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Term
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Definition
non governmental organizations, states are not members
democracies promote NGO's
independent but relatively weak |
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Term
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Definition
are the focus. states are members
Regional: ASEAN, EU, Nafta
Global/universal: UN, IMF
The Biggest IGO is the UN
public/private govt |
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Term
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Definition
| goal: to promote peace to end war and prevent it in 1815 concert of Europe |
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Term
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Definition
After napoleonic wars, after revolutionary wars the purpose was to balance power that existed in Europe.
countries: UK, Prussia, Austria-Hungary, Russia defeated France power as a collective action . |
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Term
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Definition
Those 5 great powers included will arm if a state goes to war and disturbs the peace
- a mechanism to avoid the next war |
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Term
| Castlereague and Metternich |
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Definition
provided peace in Europe during Concert of Europe
after they leave there is conflict in Europe (Italy, Germany) WWI |
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Term
| League of Nations ( rise of modern state/ rise of institutions) & purpose |
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Definition
1920, Formed after world war I to prevent war - using negotiations to settle disputes and prevent war so states will obey an international law; to constrain them UK, France, Japan, Italy heavily involved
- collective security, disarment, global welfare.
- US never joins league & USSR doesn't initally |
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Term
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Definition
peace treaty ending world war I jan 19
- France wants to punish germany by making them pay for reparations |
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Term
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Definition
14 points speech which creates League of Nations
- encouraging peace in Austria and Germany
-rise of Idealism |
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Term
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Definition
June 1919, treaty of Versailles, league is created after wwI, 44 nations signed and ratified and is up & running in Geneva, switzerland
- woodrow wilson attends & forms the framework for League |
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Term
| Who is banned from the league who dominates the league? |
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Definition
Germany is prohibited.
France and UK dominate |
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Term
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Definition
By 1931, major weaknesses
3 reasons: no universal membership
rigid structure
too legal (forced yes or no decisions)
- insensitive to power, to power politics |
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Term
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Definition
when japanese invades manchuria, China
Italian invasion of Abysinna
rise of nazi germany
war in 1939, league is dead in 1946 |
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Term
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Definition
| London declaration: june 1941, European states come together to create an alliance against Germany |
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Term
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Definition
meeting to discuss london declaration to apply it to US, and agree that Germany is bad.
Roosevelt, stalin, Churchill discuss a peace and security organization and discuss if they should include germany
US claims neutrality, but sends aids, finally joins war |
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Term
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Definition
January 1942, 26 nations create the UN declaration.
Discussion in moscow, then UN discussion in Tehran amongst big 3- churchill, stalin, roosevelt acknowledges United Nations |
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Term
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Definition
establishes the economic structure of the UN (UN Monetary and Financial conference)
- based on exchange rates, balance of payment functions, banks it was an attempt oversee free trade institutions-> (IBRD) world bank and IMF |
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Term
|
Definition
in 1944 creates the formal structure of the UN
China, US, UK, USSR
International Court of Justice (world court)
UN secretariat- bureaucracy works
UN general assembly- all states, every state gets one vote
UN security council- the perm 5 (UK, US, France, China, Soviet) gets veto votes
Economic & social council
- arguement over veto votes, U.S wants 48 |
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Term
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Definition
| way of punishing others by not allowing them access to products |
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Term
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Definition
the big 3 meeting discussion of veto votes, establish each perm member gets one veto vote
SAN FRANCISCO June 1945- signed UN nations treaty, october 1945- ratifies |
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Term
| Mexico City (yalta conference) |
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Definition
Latin America countries are in dispute, they may back out on UN treaty until they meet in Mexico city
smaller L.A states are granted: Budgetary power, establish no sec general will come from perm 5( there will be diversity), UNSC will have all states on the council for 2 years each |
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Term
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Definition
Major differences (OCT 1945)
1.conference allows parties to negotiate and consider, politics can shape the org & want cause global conflict
2. Structure is unique and sensitive to power politics
3. membership is universal
4.courts is not too legal ( or restricted)
5.covers humanitarian and economic functions
6. it persists/exists despite of failures of states |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
Do IGO's work?
Liberals vs. Realists |
|
Definition
The only reason why states conform is b/c of their own decision
Realists:NO, believe its a false promise, no real interest in solving collective action (states only join to dominate an org), relative gains
Liberals: YES, not prefect but there is promise of COOPERATION, mitigation of anarchy, neoliberal methods to get positive outcomes, reduce major conflict |
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Term
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Definition
collective security
respect sovereignty (add up to the form of nonintervention)
settle conflict with least use of force |
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Term
| UN membership rules and responisbilties |
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Definition
UN is made up of states
UN membership is recognition
All states must pay dues to obey UN charter, (more power=more dues) U.S pays the MOST
All states have a seat in General Assembly |
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Term
|
Definition
Still exists
Universality
Political flexibilty
collective security |
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Term
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Definition
| security council, ICJ(world court), secretariat, general assembly, secretary general, ECOSOC (economic & social) |
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Term
General Assembly
organs & process/ duties |
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Definition
ECOSOC
UN programs: UNEP, UNICEF, UNHCR, UNDP
Autonomous agencies: IAEA,WHO< UNESCO, ILO
Affiliated Agencies: WTP, World Bank, IMF
voting in the GA: 1 vote per state
duties: elect sec general by UNSC, recommend, budget
cannot decide issues on peace security |
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Term
| ICJ (International Court of Justice) World Court |
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Definition
only hears cases states to states, court is weakened however because they cannot force states to do anything
- reduced to advisory body
9 year terms, 15 justices
opposed to PCIJ - from league of nations |
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Term
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Definition
| ICJ ruled in favor of Nicaragua awarding them reparations b/s US violated international law |
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Term
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Definition
where the most power lies, not universal.
5 veto votes of the Perm states -> they have nuclear weapons
domain: all issues relating to the use of force or sanction- all issues relating to the use of force or sanction
15 members (originally 11) serves 2 year terms
geographical representation is dispersed by pop voting procedure-> general assembly resolution ( powerful) |
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Term
| Who is not on the UNSC perm? |
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Definition
India wants to be on Perm 5 but can't b/c its not a big power
Soviets, they were replaced by Russia |
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Term
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Definition
| German, India, Brazil, Japan asked to create 6 new perm seats, but got rejected |
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Term
| Economic & Social Council |
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Definition
54 members voted by General assembly.
U.S hates it, they hate one another |
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Term
|
Definition
serve 5 year terms no limits, no one has served more than 2
Power comes from little states or middle powers
SEC GENERAL PROCESS
- nominated by sec council
- elected by general assembly
purpose- to exist an overhead of UN |
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Term
|
Definition
Trygve Lie-Norway, Bureaucratic "organizational machine" resigned
Dag Hammarskjold- Sweden "father of peacekeeping"
U-Thant- Burma diplomat, academic believes war doesnt solve anything. RETIRED
Kurt Waldheim- Austria, china vetoes, prime min of austra, political skills & he's a NAZI.
Javier Perez- Peru first L.American, managed well. DECLINED NEXT 3rd TERM
Boutros Boutros Ghali- Eygpt "agenda for peace"
Kofi Annan- Ghana
Ban Ki moon- currenct korea, quiet but important |
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Term
|
Definition
Agenda for peace-> nature of soverignty has changed
fired by U.S b/c of aggravation of trying to reform -peacekeeping
- expansive role and missions |
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Term
|
Definition
U.S likes kofi
during second term goes bad- food for oil program allowed limited sales. embezzling of funds
Kofi refused to endorse war b/c was blamed UN-oil for food scandal, he sid US disobeyed IN Law |
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Term
|
Definition
PCIJ very strict, powerful & requre specific voting procedures, decisons are political not legal
ICJ- hears cases country to country, designed to be weak, suggest what states should do (optional clause) |
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Term
|
Definition
- does not allow force
-allows sec council to use force ( if acts of aggression is used on a country, UN can intervene) |
|
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Term
| UN Peacekeeping classical/traditional |
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Definition
not in the UN charter
They never intervene w/ 2 fighting forces unless there is enough decision to send troops
goes against norm of non intervention
UNTSO- for middle east
UNMOGIP - military observer group in India & pakistan |
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Term
|
Definition
- to monitor and observe & do not engage
-buffer
-report data-unbiased reporting, info gathering
Hammarskjold of peace keeping is traditional/classical- lightly armed, blue helmets, post-conflict, small missions
Ralph Bunche (US) Lester Pearson (Can) and Dag Hammarskjold (Swe) |
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Term
| Why massive expansion for peace keeping? |
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Definition
1. end of cold war- cooperation in the UNSC -in IRAQ
2. end of cold war- lots of trouble spots around world - FAILED STATES
3. Boutros Ghali- agenda for peace |
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Term
|
Definition
Huge mandate- security and civil
When nixon invades Cambodia, 22,000 troops
Khmer rouge genocide, Viets take over KR, civil war in Cambodia calls for peace |
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Term
|
Definition
Suez crisis unef
these missions do traditional or classical peacekeeping & nonintervention |
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Term
|
Definition
peace building or peace enforcement
expansive role and missions
more of them, expensive
missions: somalia, yugoslavia-bosnia, kosovo, cambodia, el salvador, western sahara |
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Term
|
Definition
In cambodia, massive peace-building operation
huge civil, political, economic mandate
Refugee repatriation—470,000
failed Attempts to Disarmament—of military factions
Elections—create political parties, hold an election
Human rights—investigate and uphold, Khmer Rouge
Civil administration
Economic/infrastructure
Create a government: judiciary, law and order, constitution, etc.
DID ALL for a time
22,000 people, 1.7 billion dollars |
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Term
|
Definition
Elections were held, refugees returned, most political violence was ended, government created, etc.
politics do not change dramatically |
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Term
|
Definition
drought & famine in Somalia, no government, lives threatened food becomes political & military control
UNSC creates UNOSOM I- peacekeeping mission to feed people
UNOSOM II- peacekeeping but more unilateral "Operation restore hope" UNITAF
Battle of Mogadishu, military wants to leave somalia after killed, ghali says no |
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Term
|
Definition
Mandate: Protect humanitarian mission of getting food to people—convoy protection
Expansion of mission to go after WARLORDS
PEACE BUILDING, but MISSION CREEP
Operation Restore Hope, US, Task Force Ranger
UNOSOM II Battle of Mogadishu—”Black Hawk Down”
Effectively turns US off of Peacekeeping
- Opeation restore hope & task force ranger |
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Term
|
Definition
Disintegration of Yugoslavia into Bosnia, Serbia, Croatia, etc.
Ethnic Conflict—atrocities on all sides
UNPROFOR: Feb. 1992 Protect all parties in key areas of conflict
U.N doesn't help, NATO forces still maintain Srebrenica
Srebrenica massacre- UN fails
45,000 troops placed & loses |
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Term
|
Definition
1990's post war conflict (rwanda&burundI) & tribal conflicts(hutus & tutsis)
UNAMIR-led by Canadian Lt. Gen. Romeo Dallaire
U.S security council rejects troops from being sent,
April 1994 100 days of Genocide
800,000 tutsis killed & UN realizes mistake.
ULTIMATE FAILURE OF PEACEKEEPING |
|
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Term
| End of euphoric peace keeping |
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Definition
1990-1995 multiple organizations,massive troops, mandates
-U.s wants to bail, Ghali wants to do more PK
- The more U.S doesn't pay dues, the more ghali criticizes
- U.S doesn't give hime second chance to be elected
- Accusations of racism on U.S
- GHALI IS OUT |
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Term
| 3 conditions needed for peace keeping |
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Definition
1. international consensus
2. domestic consent
3. achievable realistic mandates
success or failure is hard to determine
problems and promises- costs vs outcomes |
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Term
Major Periods
cold war
euphoric cooperation
1995-1999 downturn |
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Definition
1945-1990 (cold war) no cooperation in UNSC
1990-1995 euphoric cooperation
1995-1999 dues crisis- peace dividend especially US free-riding
99-sept 11 new world order for peace & security "war on terror"
-US pays dues "general norm"
needs in the world- sierra leone, east timor, kosovo
outcomes are not as expected |
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Term
|
Definition
return to peacekeeping
R2P: the responsibility to protect
2005 World Summit
2006 UNSC Resolution 1674 Affirms World Summit statement, US votes for, Unanimous, similar to ICC
Weiss, Humanitarian Intervention: Need to make R2P appeal to interest of the states
* you have to tell states they are responsible for their citizens, its hard to commit globally |
|
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Term
|
Definition
A lot of problems b/c 1. no International enforcement
Laws that apply to state actors
2) EXTRATERRITORIALITY (your laws and my laws don't have to be the same)
3) JURISDICTION— negotiation & politics is how its determind |
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Term
|
Definition
1. Treaty—signed, bilateral, multilateral, open: building block of Int’l law
Pacta sunt servanda – treaties should be obeyed
2. Custom—must be accepted as a custom by states—often leads to treaties
Opinio juris – Custom should lead to treaty—stronger law
TWO ADDITIONAL SOURCES: legal scholarship and legal principles
Legal Positivism—positive law—WRITTEN, CODIFIED, SIGNED |
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Term
|
Definition
ICJ or World court (not most effective organ)
ILaw depends on (goldstein)
- reciprocity
- collective action
- norms of international behavior |
|
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Term
| Jus en bello war crimes- laws in War |
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Definition
jus ad bellum- just war doctrine- laws to go to war
jus in bello- laws in war
you cannot go use crimes against humanity
end of WWII proved need to prosecute these crimes: nazi germany genocide, holocaust, Japan, bataan death march |
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Term
|
Definition
Nuremberg- nazi war criminals and tokyo criminals
Develops from need: Germany, Japan
Individuals commit war crimes not states
no tribunals during cold war |
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Term
|
Definition
Tribunals have jurisdiction over INDIVIDUALS
In Yugoslavia ICTY: Mladic, Milosevic
In Rwanda, ICTR Akeyesu case, Rwandan nuns |
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Term
|
Definition
deal with criminal cases against individuals have been created to deal with the core international crimes, namely genocide, war crimes and crimes
still in need of permanent court |
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Term
| International criminal court |
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Definition
Rome statue 1999 establishes jurisdiction, explicit crime
covers- four core international crimes: genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes and the crime of aggression.
-still exists |
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Term
who signs? who ratifies? ICC
problems |
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Definition
treaty ratified by 60 states by 2002, clinton signs it but fails to ratify, bush takes signature off , the ICC holds no jurisdiction
there are 105 members: All of Europe, Latin American, Japan, Korea |
|
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Term
| SOFA- status of force agreements |
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Definition
| terms and conditions of your occupation on other territories SOFAs provide for how civil damages caused by the forces will be determined and paid. |
|
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Term
| What is the advantage of the ICC? What are the problems with tribunals? |
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Definition
· victor’s justice
· ad hoc (tribunals)
· not standing, no clear positive law
· (tribunals) deals with individuals, deals with new crimes |
|
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Term
| ICC is based on COMPLIMENTARITY (US) |
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Definition
- US wants tribunals
US Law, UCMJ (know this—Uniform Code of Military Justice) US Does investigate, prosecute, convict, and sentence, extraterritoriality is respected |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Post WWII, need to clearly address HUMAN RIGHTS
hard to implement
1948, eleanor roosevelt creates Universal declaration of Human Rights
it's not Int. law, do not have to obey
30 articles specified to all people |
|
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Term
| What are the most important human rights |
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Definition
each side uses human rights in their own strategic interests
US- civil & political
USSR- economic, social, cultural
Cold War makes “universal” difficult to enforce
“Basket Approach” |
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|
Term
3 views of Human rights
what is the logic of the UNIVERSAL APPROACH? |
|
Definition
Universal Rights- Jack Donelly; All rights for all people
notion of human dignity
BASIC RIGHTS: Henry Shue
-privileges certain rights as necessary for any rights
-security, subsistence, and POLITICAL (US position)
CULTURAL RELATIVISM: culture matters to ID rights
-cultural exceptionalism: US, Islam, etc.
-death penalty, FGM female circumsion, etc.
-states USE culture for their purposes
HUMAN RIGHTS ARE SUBJECT TO STATE INTEREST |
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Term
| International Political Economy |
|
Definition
- the need for a more utopian view,
the study of the actions and interactions of states and markets in the int’l system
-theory
-terms
- role of institutions of IMF, World bank, GATT, WTO |
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|
Term
Trade (role of markets)
& liberalism |
|
Definition
how goods and services cross borders
2 actors: markets & states
1. Liberalism- Adam Smith "wealth of nations"
book on notion of free trade in US economy
- states do not interfere
• Market determines the costs and quality
• innovation and creativity arise
• Reduce barriers to the market (tariffs)
supply & demand |
|
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Term
|
Definition
alexander hamilton "manufacturers"
- the potential to produce surplus of goods
• State interest in the economy for national purposes
• Protect from the forces of the market (protectionism is the policy of mercantilism)
• Use barriers for the state |
|
|
Term
| Difference between Liberalism and Mercantilism |
|
Definition
-the role of state in each
• Mercantilism, economics work for the state
•Liberalism, the state works for economics
realism & mercantilism are similar, but realist can be for free trade too (relative gains) |
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Term
| How can a state be “realist” and pursue liberal economic policies? |
|
Definition
states often start as mercantilist and move to liberal
Mercantilism—primary policy or means is:Protectionism |
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|
Term
Protectionism (policy/ strategy)
reasons for protectionism? |
|
Definition
-states use of its ability to shape markets so the outcome in in their best interest.
- political demands, put tariffs on items so their more expensive
- infant industries (brand new businesses to states)
- National security
- Response to predatory policies/retaliation—dumping |
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|
Term
Means or methods of protectionism
economic nationalism |
|
Definition
- tariffs (tax on any goods or services b/s it crosses a border)
- quotas (instead of charging goods, allow a certain amount of items into a country)
- subsidies (government help)
- restrictions/regulations—red tape—(NON-TARIFF BARRIERS)
- Dumping (wiping out other countries by manufacturing your items there)
- cannot make a legal policy saying buy american cars, but advertisements are okay) "fuji film" |
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Term
| Japanese car industry and protectionism |
|
Definition
In Japan cities are destroyed, then rises in 1975 to become the best economy w/ strategy of protectionism to get FREE TRADE & LIBERALISM
-infant industry, japan exports protected by America
selling of japanese cars, toyota, honda
-creates an industry MITT (all international trade and industry) making strong shifts in world market |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the expansion of free trade everywhere by opening up all states and markets to the global economy |
|
|
Term
| Goldstein's definition of globalization |
|
Definition
1. Globalization = states are losing authority to institutions (EU, IMF)
2. Worlds major economies are no more integrated today than before WWI
3. "transformationalists" = state sovreignty is being eroded by new institutions (EU, WTO, etc.) so that sovreignty is no longer absolute, it is used as a bargaining/leveraging tool used by states |
|
|
Term
| Biggest problems with free trade (today and in the GATT) |
|
Definition
- agriculture
- intellectual property rights
- service sectors policies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
focus on negative effects of expanded free trade
• environment—sea turtles, dolphin, deforestation, industrial output
• labor—conditions, limitations, wages, etc.
• human rights/culture |
|
|
Term
| GATT & Biggest problems with free trade |
|
Definition
general agreement on tarrifs & trade
- arguing for free trade (court system) & no Int. law
in 1986, Uruguay, GATT meets to lower tarrifs
- agriculture issue
- services issues
-intellectual human rights |
|
|
Term
| World Trade Organization WTO |
|
Definition
enforces oversea trades
small states are favored
powerful enforcement mechanism
dealing with the rules of trade between nations and they help conduct businesses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The GATT and WTO
-System of tariff and non-tariff barriers and export incentive schemes aimed at strengthening the competitiveness of local producers. |
|
|
Term
| Generalized system of preferences GSP |
|
Definition
Applies to what states?
- Helps poor states seek and maintain membership
- Helps create a global free trade regime |
|
|
Term
MFN who is it given to?
What is it? |
|
Definition
most favored nation: The gatt decided to heavily focus on developing countries they are given high quotas, low tariffs
A level of status given to one country by another and enforced by the World Trade Organization. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
is determined state by state
-states use currency to punish other states |
|
|
Term
Purpose of IMF
& evaluation |
|
Definition
to help currency relatively equal to one another equal to the dollar
Churchhill and Roosevelt create monetary fund to
1. manage exchange rates
2. Balance of payments (Bretton woods revisted)
3. Lender of last resort
IMF lends money states pay it back, it works well. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| keep exchange rates constant |
|
|
Term
Bretton Woods and the international economic institutions
When? Why? When does Bretton Woods collapse? |
|
Definition
1) Gold decreases as economies grow
2) US economy is taxed by Cold War, Vietnam, etc., INFLATION, Trade imbalances
3) ENERGY CRISIS—Oil Shocks
FINALLY, 1971, Nixon removes off Gold Standard—Floating exchange rate |
|
|
Term
| NEW ERA OF IMF FROM 1970s on (Asian monetary crisis) |
|
Definition
PROBLEM: Fund Conditionality—massive expansion
there are conditions however IMF lends money but must be payed back
Davish Kapur-> poorest states need money and IMF keeps lending to them yet they become more debt. curse or cure? Kapur hates IMF IMF is encouraging debt |
|
|
Term
| IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
|
Definition
Bretton Woods creates the world bank
purpose: Reconstruction from postwar & development project development
World Bank is a BANK, IMF is a FUND
States PAY IN to the IMF, the World Bank INVESTS like a bank |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
you get money from someone but don't follow rules b/c you know you'll keep getting money
putting states more in debt by giving money to states charging more interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
malaysia withdraws from help of IMF and does their own thing, after 8 years in recovery from crisis
& IMF takes debt off of jamaica |
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