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| processs through which individuals and groups reach agreement on a course of common, or collective, action--even as they may continue to disagree onthe goals that action is intended to achieve |
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| givens-individuals in group know what the want |
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| in democracy, an organization that manages potential conflicts between political rivals, helps them to find mutually acceptable solutions, and makes and enforces the society's collective agreements. (ex: congress, presidency and supreme court) |
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| the set of rules and procedures these institutions must (and must not) follow to reach and enforce collective agreements |
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| consists of these instititutions (documents, informal understanding, etc) and the legally prescribed process of making and enforcing collective agreements |
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| subdivision of some government departments that confers on its occupants specific authority and responsibility |
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| the acknowledged right to make a particular decision |
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| an officeholder's actual influence with other officeholders, and as a consequence, over the government's actions |
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| an action taken by a group of likeminded individuals to achieve a common goal |
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| members of the group must decide individually what they want, what they are prepared to contribute to the collective enterprise and how to coordinate their efforts with those of others |
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| whenever individuals decide that even though they support some collective undertaking, they are personally better off pursuing an activity that rewards them individually despite undermining the collective effort |
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| problem that is part of prisoner's dilemma that afflicts large groups. It is to defect from the agreement by withholding a contribution to the group's undertaking while enjoying the benefits of the collective effort |
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| resembles free riding in that a large number of participants encourage each to renege on his or her contribution to the public good. Uncontrolled area, no regulation, pursue own interests disregarding what's necessary for public good |
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| time, effot, and resources required to make collective decisions |
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| compromising because of competing interests. Collective decisions obligate participants to do something they prefer not to, in order to achieve a collective goal |
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| (lowers conformity costs) simple majority: majority of fifty percent plus one. Embodies political equality: each citizens vote carries the same weight as all citizens have the same opportunity to participate in nation's civic life |
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| (lowers transaction costs) favored solution for controlling transaction costs. Delegate someone to represent the responsibility of making imp collective decisions for them (president, IRS for example) |
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| individual witht he power to delegate authority (delegate or agents) (president=principal, appoints hundreds of staff members) |
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| staff members for principal, used to monitor and promote administration's interests within the bureaucracy |
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| discrepancy betwene what principals would ideally like their agents to do and how these agents actually behave (slacking off) |
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| Representative government |
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| where citizens select government officials, who acting on their agents, deliberate and commit the citisenry to a course of collective action, makes large scale democracy possible |
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| a form of government where power is vested in representatives |
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| form of govt where chief exec is chosen by majority party or a colaition of parties within legistlature |
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| group of advisors chosen by president that represent major agencies and departments, approved by senate-->promotes majority rule because politlcal party or coalitional party also control legisiature |
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| combo of unlike minded interest who nonetheless agree, for their own distinct reasons, to a common course of action |
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| class of professionals who specialize in discovering collective enterprises that citizens with different values and interest will join in common action ("public servant) |
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| things people buy and consume themselves in marketplace that supplies these goods according to the demand for them |
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| everyone participates in supplying and which anyone can freely consume, as much as he or she desires (tax dollars, national defense) |
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| byproducts that are undesirable ("public bads") (ex:auto pollution) |
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| legistlature composed of two houses or chambers (US: Senate and House) (each state has two as well except Nebraska) |
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