Term
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Definition
| believed that history was over in 1806 when Napoleon conquered Germany. This defeat signalled the triumph of the ideals of the French Revolution |
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Term
| Fukuyama (The End of History Theory) |
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Definition
| believed that the fall of the Berlin wall was the end of history. The defeat of communism meant that there were no more challenging alternatives to liberal democracy. The world is becoming more peaceful |
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Term
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Definition
believed that Fukuyama only saw the end of history in the Western World. However, societies aren't universally the same, therefore how can they ever become universally peaceful.
- he developed the clash of civilizations theory |
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Term
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Definition
| the world is divided into 9 different civilizations. While countries can coexist peacefully, civilizations cannot. Therefore the future world conflicts will come from a clash between civilizations |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of rules and governance in which the executive branch is positioned against the legislative branch |
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Term
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Definition
| the executive branch represents the legislative branch |
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Term
| Opinion of Linz (Presidental vs. Parliamentary) |
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Definition
Pro Parliamentary
- parliamentary systems provide the political process with flexibility and balance
- it focuses on the world of the cabinet as a group, not the president as an individual |
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Term
| Opinion of Horowitz (Presidental vs. Parliamentary) |
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Definition
Pro Presidential
- the flexibility of parliamentary systems allow well-liked parties to re-elect themselves in good times
- it also allows large parties to dominate the entire legislature |
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Term
| Opinion of Lipset (Presidental vs. Parliamentary) |
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Definition
- we cannot choose either parliamentarism or presidentalism as a sole winner
- we must choose and implement the best suiting system based on the existing social, cultural, and economic factors of the situation |
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Term
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Definition
1. Liberty
2. Equality
3. Pluralism
4. Institutionalized Uncertainty |
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Term
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Definition
| democracies are governed according to laws and processes, preventing one man or group from having absolute power |
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Term
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Definition
| societies follow a process of modernization that must include economic, social, and political transformation. Societies must modernize in all of these aspects to become a first world country |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that democracy rests on the establishment of a certain political and social culture. Therefore a democratic culture is a modern culture |
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Term
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Definition
| believed that true freedom was that obtained and exercised by "The Ancients", and not in modern society |
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Term
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Definition
(freedom to...)
- all citizens participated in legislation
- governance was a public obligation, and issues were discussed and deliberated freely
- citizens had all of the law and decision making power |
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Term
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Definition
(freedom from...)
- the modern world seeks individual freedoms, not communal freedoms
- it is driven by commerce and private property so that the individual can prosper
- citizens elect a representative government that allows us to "be left alone to be happy and get rich" |
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Term
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Definition
| the organization which controls a monopoly on legitimate use of force within a given territory |
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Term
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Definition
| the combined effects of the cultural and agricultural revolution that sparked the industrial revolution |
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Term
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Definition
- history is the history of class struggles
- there are two groups in society: those who control the means of production (bourgeoisie) and those who don't (proletariat)
- history will end when there is no more class struggle, this is when the proletariat overthrow the bourgeoisie |
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Term
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Definition
| an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization |
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Term
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Definition
| a political and economic theory of social organization that advocated the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as whole |
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Term
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Definition
- created a revolutionary movement in Russia
- linked nationalism with communism and industrialization
- promoted the idea that Russia's only chance at survival was through industrialization, and industrialization could only be run by the government |
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Term
| 3 Challenges to Equality of Opportunity Democracy: |
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Definition
1. Collective Action Problem
2. Democratic Pluralism
3. Elite Democracy |
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Term
| 3 Challenges to Equality of Outcome Democracy: |
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Definition
1. Protecting the Disadvantaged
2. The Majority's Will
3. Unelected Courts as Policy Makers |
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Term
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Definition
| the highly free and developed economies of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. They have maintained exceptionally high economic growth rates, and rapid industrialization |
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Term
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Definition
| Chairman of the People's Republic of China. He was a tyrannical leader who promoted Chinese Nationalism and Socialism |
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Term
| China has resisted democracy because... (5 reasons) |
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Definition
1. Stability and Economic Growth
2. Benevolent Dictator
3. Nationalism
4. Adaptive Authoritarianism
5. The Issue of "Choosing Democracy" |
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Term
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Definition
| any form of information and communication technology that can expand political, social, and economic freedom |
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Term
| Requirements for Experiments |
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Definition
1. Treatment of Control
2. Randomization
3. Measurement |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that democracies don't go to war with one another |
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Term
| International Relations Theory |
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Definition
| how and why states behave the way that they do |
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Term
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Definition
| provides an alternative model of modernization based on the growth processes of China |
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Term
| Principles of the International System (3) |
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Definition
1. Sovereignty - states respect other states borders
2. Power - the distribution of power is uneven, which gives countries the ability to influence one another
3. Anarchic International System - there is no world government, yet we prevent anarchy. This is done through state sovereignty |
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Term
| Hegemonic Stability Theory: |
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Definition
| countries that are hegemonic are overpowering, but they also provide stability and order. No one challenges the dominant power, and everyone strategically benefits |
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Term
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Definition
| war is most likely and will be the most severe, when a challenger to the dominant power enters into approximate parity with the dominant state and is dissatisfied with the existing system |
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Term
| Realist International Relations Theory |
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Definition
- it's irrelevant if the states are democratic or authoritarian because they all have the same goal - survival
- hegemonic power, although unequal, provides stability
- the only alternative to this would be global governance |
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Term
| Neoliberal Institutionalism International Relations Theory |
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Definition
- looking inside a state can help us determine how that state will act on the global stage
- although there is no such thing as an international government, we can still cooperate
- through complex interdependence and co-operation, a global government wouldn't be necessary |
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Term
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Definition
| countries are dependent on one another with regards to economic markets and investment. This could prevent them from war with one another, because it would be mutually devastating economically |
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Term
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Definition
| primitive society is peaceful - but society has corrupted us and made us violent |
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Term
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Definition
| the primitive state of nature is a war of all against all. The pacifying effect of the modern state, and the civilizing process take "justice" out of the hands of the individual, and into the hands of the state |
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Term
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Definition
| the state takes away the individual power a person has to give punishment to those who hurt them |
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Term
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Definition
| society develops to know what it means to be civilized, and that violence is not the solution to problems |
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Term
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Definition
- modern society is less violent than ever before
- society civilizes itself in two ways;
1. it sets out rules and laws and enforces them - creating safety and security
2. it promotes the idea that we need economic co-operation with one another to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| studied capitalism and how economic prosperity was historically linked to protestants, and what he later coined the protestant work ethic |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that the characteristics of Protestants makes them feel free to make as much money as they can, so long as they do not indulge themselves in worldly pleasures |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual feels an obligation to his/her profession regardless of what is consists of, and regardless of if it utilizes his/her personal abilities |
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Term
| Adam Smith, Cosmopolitcial Theory: |
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Definition
1. Comparative Advantage - countries must identity their comparative advantage and special in it
2. The Invisible Hand - naturally determined the comparative advantage of a country
3. Specialization - having each country specialize in their comparative advantage makes countries interdependent |
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Term
| List & Hamilton, Mercantilist Theory |
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Definition
1. The Visible Hand - governments have to intervene in the economy through a visible hand
2. Nationalism - countries must have well-rounded, self-sufficient economies
3. Vulnerability to Hegemonic Power - specialization and the invisible hand make countries vulnerable to the domination of a hegemonic power |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that respires flow from a periphery of poor and underdeveloped countries to a core of wealth states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former |
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Term
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Definition
- one the the creations of free trade is monopoly
- this naturally leads to colonials and imperialism which are harmful as they displace populations, disrupt local economies, and even kill people |
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Term
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Definition
the world is divided into a developed and underdeveloped world. The developed world can be dependent on the underdeveloped world to provide it with resources through colonization and imperialism
- it's believed to be a natural product of capitalism, and therefore justifies exploitation and inequality |
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Term
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Definition
| states in East Asia that use government intervention in the economy to crewe comparative advantage. Through finance, investment, and the allocating of public resources, they help to grow the areas of the economy that were previously underdeveloped |
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Term
| How Did the East-Asian Miracles Develop in the Post-War global economy? (5 reasons) |
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Definition
1. International Context - destroyed by the war they had the opportunity to start fresh in the post-war economic boom
2. American Hegemonic Interest
3. Bureaucratic Meritocracy
4. Autonomy
5. Leverage over Indsutry |
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Term
| Post War Economics, the US vs. the UK |
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Definition
- the US wanted a new post-war system based on free trade - thus creating interdependence and eventually world peace
- the UK wanted to maintain their exploitative imperialist state |
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Term
| Keynesian Counter-Cyclical Intervention |
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Definition
| due to the natural ups-and-downs of the economy, government intervention is needed. Governments have to play a role in stimulus spending during a recession to help re-inflate the economy. |
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Term
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Definition
| applying Keynesian compromise to the international system through multilateralism and state intervention. |
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Term
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Definition
| a UN conference to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of WWII. It established the IMF (international monetary fund) and World Bank. It was entirely backed by the US dollar, establishing it as the global currency |
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Term
| GAT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs |
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Definition
established negations on international trade and tariffs effecting and including all countries. It was based around the idea that trade would lead to interdependence, and interdependence would lead to peace and prosperity.
- it eventually became the WTO (World Trade Organization) |
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Term
| European Reconstruction (the Marshall Plan): |
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Definition
| the American initiative to aid Europe in which the US gave economic support to help rebuild European economies. |
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Term
| What Makes the World Unfair? (3 reasons) |
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Definition
1. History - history and politics have conspired to control wealth through the concentration of natural resources
2. The Poor’s Rational Decisions - the poor suffer discrimination in the labour market and have more children
3. Bad Economic Policy - policies that hamper economic growth and fuel inflation (eg. failure to invest in education) |
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Term
| Effective Solutions to Inequality (5 solutions) |
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Definition
1. Worker-based Growth - economic growth that is based on the use of labour resources
2. Education - provides someone with skills that can’t be taken away
3. Democracy - ensures long-term equalizing economic growth
4. Opportunities not Transfers - provide opportunities through public spending, instead of ‘throwing money” at the issue through transfers
5. Strengthening Domestic Policies for Global Integration - rich countries can enforce policies that make economic integration easier for poor countries. (eg. lifting barriers to important of agriculture and manufactured textiles) |
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Term
| Nancy Bermeo (Democracy and Economic Inequality) |
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Definition
- despite democracy having risen globally, so has economic inequality
- however, dramatic attempts to reverse economic inequality may post a sharper threat to democratic stability than EI itself does |
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Term
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Definition
| a belief that the state and the nation (a group of people who believe they share a common fate, history, culture, and language) should be congruent |
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Term
| 3 Reasons for European Unification: |
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Definition
1. memories of WWII and the hope to prevent another war
2. the threat of the soviet union to the individual states of Europe
3. struggles for national and individual freedoms |
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Term
| 3 Problems of European Unification: |
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Definition
1. common currently without common treasury
2. one-size-fits-all interest rate despite diverse economies
3. asymmetric shocks: enormous imbalances in which some countries would be disciplined and moderate in spending, while others would debt-binge |
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Term
| 3 Solutions to European Unification: |
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Definition
1. Structural Reforms - in addition to controlling deficits, borrowing countries must adopt structural reforms
2. Investment, not handouts - strong economies must buy more of Greece and Italy’s products and services, not their debt
3. New Economic Stimulation - the eurozone must develop a continent-wide stimulus program |
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Term
| 3 Potential Solutions to Germany's Unsustainable Growth |
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Definition
1. Increase Immigration - with naturally low birthrate, immigration will help population growth
2. Child Care Policies - making it easier for women to have children and still maintain a full time job
3. Energy Transformation - developing eco-friendly energy initiatives that’s development also increase the need for domestic and foreign investors |
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Term
| 19th Century Realism (Threats to International Security) |
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Definition
| there was shifts of power, causing tension, on the European continent. Multiple states that had roughly equal military and economic capacities were passively fighting to assert dominance in Europe |
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Term
| Cold War Realism (Threats to International Security) |
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Definition
| the age of proxy wars between the US and the USSR. This was when the US came to fully develop and assert their military dominance |
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Term
| Age of Terrorism (Threats to International Security) |
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Definition
| fighting full wars became too scary and lopsided. Terrorism is still a fight between both sides, but only one side is effected. It aims to create psychological terror, instead of physical war |
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Term
| The End of the Nation State |
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Definition
- nationalism and a product of industrial society, therefore as we transition into a post-industrial society we should also transition away from nationalism
- this is demonstrated in organizations and cooperations such as the European Union |
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Term
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Definition
treats national governments as the primary actors in the integration process.
- It is founded on ideas of institutionalization in international politics and the impacts of domestic politics on governmental practices. |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of regional integration that unitizes the pioneering European experience of integration to generate hypotheses for cooperation in other contexts. |
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Term
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Definition
| three-page political document that affirms a goal of limiting global warming to 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels. Unlike the Koyoto protocol, it focusing on global co-operation and not individually specified (often unfair) goals. |
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