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Definition
Believed that the fall of the berlin wall was the end of history, because we have defeated the major ideas of society.
Therefore, the world must be becoming more peaceful and democratic. |
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Believed that Fukuyama only saw the end of history in the Western World.
People's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world
- we are not universally the same, so how can we every be universally peaceful? |
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| the world is divided into eight distinct civilizations, and while countries can co-exist peacefully, civilizations cannot. |
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| Transition towards Democracy: |
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Definition
post WWII we saw a global transition towards democracy
- today, roughly 60% of the world is democratic |
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Term
| Core Principles of Democracy: (List) |
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Definition
Liberty
Equality
Participatory Politics
Rule of Law
Pluralism
Institutionalized Uncertainty |
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Definition
| the citizens participate in a collective decision making for their country |
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democratic nations are ruled by laws and processes
- no one person can have absolute power |
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| how countries compromise so that not just one view is represented |
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| Institutionalized Uncertainty |
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Definition
| the outcome of elections can not be predicted |
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Definition
The modernization of a countries economy leads to social transformation, and eventually political transformation.
- Democracy is a product of economic modernization |
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argues that democracy rests on certain political and social culture in order for it to succeed
- therefore, democratic culture is modern culture |
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Definition
1. Building the Foundation
2. Choosing Democracy
3. Making Democracy Work |
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| a set of rules in which the executive branch is positioned against the legislative branch |
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| a set of rules in which the executive branch reflects the legislative branch |
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french intellectual and politician who lived during the French Revolution
- he questions how free people should govern themselves
- is freedom defined as freedom from tyranny? or freedom to pursue your life plan? |
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citizens directly participated in legislation
- government aimed to provide that which was best for the polis, not individual freedoms that were self beneficial |
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modern freedom is driven by commerce and private property
- we focus on creating a society in which commerce can prosper, and our individual needs are satisfied |
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| the organization which controls a monopoly of legimiate use |
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inventions such as the cotton gin allowed for products to be mass produced.
- this allowed for things such as the changing of clothing styles for different seasons
- this created a culture of those who could afford to buy things out of want, and not need |
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Term
| The Agricultural Revolution |
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Definition
| changes in agriculture that led to an increase in agricultural yield and allowed farmers to grow surplus crops |
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had a materialistic view of society, and believed that history was the history of class struggles.
- history will end when there is no more class struggle
- the working class will revolt |
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Definition
| liberalism existed despite the lack of social base needed for it to survive. This created an unstable society in which elections existed, but were often corrupt |
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Definition
created the means of production that exploited the working class, proletariat, and profited the bourgeoise
- Marx believed that the working class will eventually revolt under these conditions |
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Definition
Stalin created a political system that forces his people to believe in industrialization
- he made them believe that if they didn't industrialize, they would not survive
- he also made them believe that this industrialization could only be government run
- this legitimized his power and his socialist agenda |
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Definition
| equality in the political process. Rule are applied equally to every citizen |
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| Collective Action Problem: |
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Definition
| the benefit of voting, is not worth the cost of actually doing so. Your individual vote has such little impact, it's not national to vote |
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| assumes there is political equality. Despite being pluralist, it is easier for the upper class to express their opinions, and therefore sway politics. |
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| democracy is not accessible to everyone, because we have a specific image in our head of who we want a political leader to be |
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| substantive democracy, narrows the gap between extreme ends. We should have equality in the outcome, not the process. |
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| Protecting the Disadvantaged: |
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Definition
| to create a fair society, you have to create unfair rules |
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Definition
| many societies still have a majority government and populations that adapt the rules to benefit themselves |
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| Unelected Courts as Policy Makers |
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Definition
| courts who's members aren't elected, make major decisions for a country. Therefore, are their decisions democratic? |
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| the highly free and developed countries of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. They have maintained exceptionally high growth rates, and rapid industrialization |
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| Sun Yat-Sen's "Three Principles of the People" |
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Definition
1. The Nation
2. Democracy
3. People's Welfare |
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| Chairman of the People's Republic of China. He was a tyrannical leader who promoted Chinese nationalism and socialism |
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| China should grow based on reliance in it's own resources. Instead of entering the global market, China should be independent economically, and politically. |
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Definition
| harvesting the ability of China's workers, Mao aimed to increase agriculture by 180% |
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Term
| 100 Flowers Movement (1956) |
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Definition
Mao encouraged the Chinese people to express their opinions and speak out against the Communist regime
- this would lead to the Anti-Rightest Campaign |
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Term
| Anti-Rightest Campaign (1957) |
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Definition
| anyone who spoke out against the communist party was seen as a counter-revolutionary. They were then purged from society. This included anyone who was in favour of capitalism and were against collectivization |
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Term
| The Great Leap Forward (1958-1962) |
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Definition
| in an attempt to rapidly transform China from an agrarian, to a communist society, Mao enforced the collectivization of agriculture and industrialization. |
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Term
| The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) |
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Definition
in an attempt to re-enforce his power, and eliminate those who opposed him, Mao alleged that the bourgeois were aiming to restore capitalism. He insisted that these "revisionists" be eliminated from society through a class struggle
- the youth responded and it resulted in a mass purge of senior officials
- it ended in 1976 with the death of Mao |
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Term
| Four Modernizations (propsed by Deng Xiao-Ping) |
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Definition
1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3 National Defence
4. Science and Technology |
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Term
| New Culture Movement (1913) |
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Definition
| the call for the re-creation of Chinese culture based on global and western standards, especially democracy and science |
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Definition
| a long brick wall in Beijing where supporters of economic and political reform would record news and ideas in the form of big character posters |
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Term
| Tianamen Square (June 4th, 1989) |
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Definition
| student-led protests against China's political leadership. On June 4th, military troops assaulted protestors with rifles and tanks. |
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Definition
| a manifesto signed by over 350 Chinese intellectuals and human rights activists that called for changes including an independent legal system, freedom of association, and the elimination of one-party rule. |
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Term
| Reasons for China's Resistance to Democracy |
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Definition
1. Stability and Economic Growth
2. Benevolent Dictator
3. Nationalism
4. Adaptive Authoritarianism
5. Choosing Democracy |
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Term
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Definition
| a way to measure the possibility of getting something entirely right |
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Term
| Requirements for Experiments: |
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Definition
1. Treatment of Control
2. Randomization
3. Measurement |
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Definition
occur in the real world, where subjects often don't know that they're part of an experiment.
- it observes them in their natural environment |
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Term
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Definition
| the randomization process happens because of natural causes |
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Definition
| experiments are embedded in surveys |
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Term
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Definition
| subjects are invited into labs to be a part of an experiment |
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Definition
democracies don't go to war with one another.
This is because;
- they tend to share ideologies,
- are generally allies
- are too slow to mobilize. |
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Term
| International Relations Theory |
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Definition
| how and why states behave in the ways in which they do |
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Term
| What we know about China's rise: |
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Definition
1. China's economic Rise
2. China is growing it's Hard Power
3. China is growing it's Soft Power
4. America's decline |
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Definition
- they have been modernizing agriculture, defence, science, and technology
- this has caused their economy to rise by 10% every year |
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- they have been strengthening their military power
- they are the 2nd largest military and the |
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| an alternative economic development model to the Washington Consensus of market-friendly policies |
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Definition
| influence over other countries without the use of military power |
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Definition
| influence over other countries using military force |
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| Three Core Principles of the International System: |
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Definition
1. Sovereignty
- states respect other state's borders
- crossing a border means crossing a line into different laws and orders
2. Power
- the ability to influence others
3. Anarchic International System
- anarchy is prevented through state sovereignty |
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Definition
| the expression of comprehensive power |
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Term
| Hegemonic Stability Theory |
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Definition
| countries that are hegemonic are overpowering, but they also provide stability and order. No one challenges there dominant power, and everyone strategically benefits |
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| Realist International Relations Theory |
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Definition
| All states are working towards the same goal of survival, there internal structure is therefore irrelevant. Hegemonic power, although unequal, provides stability. |
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Term
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Definition
| war is most likely, and will be most severe, when a challenge to the dominant power enters into approximate parity with the dominant state, and is dissatisfied with the existing system. |
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| in order to maintain peace, countries must remain friendly with China |
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Definition
| China must be contained as fast as possible, their rise to power is a threat |
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Term
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Definition
| countries are dependent on one another with regards to economic markets and investments. This could prevent them from war with one another, because it would be economically devastating |
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Term
| Neoliberal Institutionalism |
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Definition
| Looking at the internal structure of a state can help us to understand how it will act on the world stage. Global cooperation, even under anarchy, is still possible. Lacking a world government, we must establish international rules and organizations that foster cooperation |
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Definition
| a monopoly of legitimate use of violence within a given territory |
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Definition
| a collapse of state sovereignty, with a chance to multiple sovereignties |
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Definition
| law substitutes human nature to take justice into one's own hands. It fulfills human desire for justice, through institutional processes (ex. Jail, fines, punishment) |
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Believed primitive society is peaceful, society has made us corrupt and violence
- the modern state is put into place by elites who do so to sustain inequality |
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Definition
Believed that the state of nature is a war of all against all. Life is nasty, brutish, and short.
- states restrain this natural instinct of violence
- the anarchic world is a representation of the uncivilized natural state |
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Definition
| the state takes away individual power for the person to give punishment to those who hurt them |
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| society develops to know what it means to be civilized and violence is not the solution to problems |
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Term
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Definition
- supports Hobbes' theory
- there are two main civilizing functions of society
1. The Leviathan Itself - it sets our rules and laws for society, and enforces them. This creates safety, and harms those who try to hurt you.
2. Commerce - we need economic co-operation and trade with one another in order to survive |
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| Politics (according to Aristotle) |
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Definition
"of, or relating to, the polis"
- there should not be a distinction between private and public life |
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Term
| Alexander the Great (with regards to city states) |
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Definition
| eliminated the city state through the creation of empires. This switched political power from localized in city states, to governing an entire empire under one set of rules |
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Term
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Definition
| the early empires that replaced city states. They were strong economically, politically, and in their military power |
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Term
| Creatures of Provinces (Issues with Municipal Politics) |
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Definition
the issues of municipal politics are not seen as important as national and provincial issues.
municipal politics are also seen as having no true independence without the regimes above them. |
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| Voter Turn-Out (Issues with Municipal Politics) |
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Definition
| due to the belief that these issues are less important, voter turn out in municipal politics is lower than provincial/federal elections |
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| Name Recognition (Issues with Municipal Politics) |
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Definition
| municipal politics can become a popularity contest. You have to be socially present and prominent in your community. |
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Term
| Redistribution (Issues with Municipal Politics) |
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Definition
| the urban and rural divide in politics is crucial. The areas have different populations, and therefore winning a city could provide more votes than a larger (geographically) rural area |
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Term
| Difference in Rural vs. Urban Priorities (Issues with Municipal Politics) |
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Definition
| taxation in an urban environment isn't seen as theft. They are more likely to see the need for government intervention around them. (ex. subway repairs, pot holes, solving poverty) |
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Term
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Definition
the parts of society that are not concerened with the forces and relations of production.
- this includes art, law, morality, religion, and the political structure of society |
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Definition
an institutional form by which we can extend equality of opportunity. Is it composed of two key concepts;
1. Public Contestation - every citizen is allowed, and encouraged, to voice their opinion and view regarding the government
2. Inclusive Participation - every citizen in society has the right, and ability, to participate equally in the process of the government |
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Term
| Collective Action Problem |
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Definition
| the benefit of voting, is not worth the cost of actually voting. Your individual vote has such a little impact, it's not rational to vote |
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Term
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Definition
| people who consistently do not vote, but benefit from the actions of those who do |
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Term
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Definition
| assumes that there is political equality. it is easier for the upper class to express their opinions, and therefore sway politics |
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Term
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Definition
| systems of democracy in which decisions are made that best suit the needs of the majority Decisions of government are influenced by the majority of race, religion, class, that is in the government |
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Definition
| democracy is not accessible to everyone, because we have a specific image in our head of who we want a politician to be |
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Term
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Definition
the power of government to intervene in the exercise of civil liberties is restricted by laws
- the government is internally limited by a system of checks and balances, as well as the constitution itself |
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Term
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Definition
| the legislative body has absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all government institutions (including executive or judicial bodies) |
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Definition
| a system to government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability. Governments are responsible to the parliament, not a specific leader |
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Definition
| the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review (and possible invalidation) by the judiciary |
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Term
| 3 Factors leading to the rise of Hitler to Power |
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Definition
1. Late State Unification
2. "Catching Up" on Modernization
3. World War I |
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Term
| 3 Factors leading to Stalin's Great Terror |
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Definition
1. Industrialization and Collectivization
2. Terror and Secret Police
3. Famine |
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Term
| According to Turner, what is utopia for fascists? |
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Definition
an anti-modern idea. An escape from the modern world by going backwards in time.
- it is a focus on harmony, community, and simplicity |
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Term
| According to Janos, what was the Soviet "game plan" for global domination? |
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Definition
| To utilize nuclear war and the principle of mutually assured destruction. They aimed to support wars of national liberation and other forms of anti-imperialist struggle in the third world (proxy wars) |
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Term
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Definition
the major entity that is being analyzed in a study
ex. social groups, classes, ethnicities, social organizations, age sets |
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