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POL100 Midterm
POL100 Midtern at U of T
102
Political Studies
Undergraduate 1
12/11/2013

Additional Political Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Francis Fukuyama
Definition
Believed that the fall of the berlin wall was the end of history, because we have defeated the major ideas of society.

Therefore, the world must be becoming more peaceful and democratic.
Term
Huntington
Definition
Believed that Fukuyama only saw the end of history in the Western World.

People's cultural and religious identities will be the primary source of conflict in the post-Cold War world
- we are not universally the same, so how can we every be universally peaceful?
Term
Clash of Civilizations
Definition
the world is divided into eight distinct civilizations, and while countries can co-exist peacefully, civilizations cannot.
Term
Transition towards Democracy:
Definition
post WWII we saw a global transition towards democracy
- today, roughly 60% of the world is democratic
Term
Core Principles of Democracy: (List)
Definition
Liberty
Equality
Participatory Politics
Rule of Law
Pluralism
Institutionalized Uncertainty
Term
Participatory Politics
Definition
the citizens participate in a collective decision making for their country
Term
Rule of Law
Definition
democratic nations are ruled by laws and processes
- no one person can have absolute power
Term
Pluralism
Definition
how countries compromise so that not just one view is represented
Term
Institutionalized Uncertainty
Definition
the outcome of elections can not be predicted
Term
Modernization Theory
Definition
The modernization of a countries economy leads to social transformation, and eventually political transformation.
- Democracy is a product of economic modernization
Term
Social Capitalism
Definition
argues that democracy rests on certain political and social culture in order for it to succeed
- therefore, democratic culture is modern culture
Term
Three Steps to Democracy
Definition
1. Building the Foundation
2. Choosing Democracy
3. Making Democracy Work
Term
Presidential System
Definition
a set of rules in which the executive branch is positioned against the legislative branch
Term
Parliamentary System
Definition
a set of rules in which the executive branch reflects the legislative branch
Term
Benjamin Constant
Definition
french intellectual and politician who lived during the French Revolution
- he questions how free people should govern themselves
- is freedom defined as freedom from tyranny? or freedom to pursue your life plan?
Term
Liberty of the Ancients
Definition
citizens directly participated in legislation
- government aimed to provide that which was best for the polis, not individual freedoms that were self beneficial
Term
Liberty of the Moderns
Definition
modern freedom is driven by commerce and private property
- we focus on creating a society in which commerce can prosper, and our individual needs are satisfied
Term
State
Definition
the organization which controls a monopoly of legimiate use
Term
The Cultural Revolution
Definition
inventions such as the cotton gin allowed for products to be mass produced.
- this allowed for things such as the changing of clothing styles for different seasons

- this created a culture of those who could afford to buy things out of want, and not need
Term
The Agricultural Revolution
Definition
changes in agriculture that led to an increase in agricultural yield and allowed farmers to grow surplus crops
Term
Karl Marx
Definition
had a materialistic view of society, and believed that history was the history of class struggles.
- history will end when there is no more class struggle
- the working class will revolt
Term
Crisis of Liberalism
Definition
liberalism existed despite the lack of social base needed for it to survive. This created an unstable society in which elections existed, but were often corrupt
Term
Capitalism
Definition
created the means of production that exploited the working class, proletariat, and profited the bourgeoise
- Marx believed that the working class will eventually revolt under these conditions
Term
Stalinism
Definition
Stalin created a political system that forces his people to believe in industrialization
- he made them believe that if they didn't industrialize, they would not survive
- he also made them believe that this industrialization could only be government run
- this legitimized his power and his socialist agenda
Term
Equality of Opportunity
Definition
equality in the political process. Rule are applied equally to every citizen
Term
Collective Action Problem:
Definition
the benefit of voting, is not worth the cost of actually doing so. Your individual vote has such little impact, it's not national to vote
Term
Democratic Pluralism
Definition
assumes there is political equality. Despite being pluralist, it is easier for the upper class to express their opinions, and therefore sway politics.
Term
Elite Democracy
Definition
democracy is not accessible to everyone, because we have a specific image in our head of who we want a political leader to be
Term
Equality of Outcome
Definition
substantive democracy, narrows the gap between extreme ends. We should have equality in the outcome, not the process.
Term
Protecting the Disadvantaged:
Definition
to create a fair society, you have to create unfair rules
Term
The Majority's Will
Definition
many societies still have a majority government and populations that adapt the rules to benefit themselves
Term
Unelected Courts as Policy Makers
Definition
courts who's members aren't elected, make major decisions for a country. Therefore, are their decisions democratic?
Term
Asian Tigers
Definition
the highly free and developed countries of Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. They have maintained exceptionally high growth rates, and rapid industrialization
Term
Sun Yat-Sen's "Three Principles of the People"
Definition
1. The Nation
2. Democracy
3. People's Welfare
Term
Mao Zedong
Definition
Chairman of the People's Republic of China. He was a tyrannical leader who promoted Chinese nationalism and socialism
Term
Maoist Socialism
Definition
China should grow based on reliance in it's own resources. Instead of entering the global market, China should be independent economically, and politically.
Term
Mao's 12 Year Plan
Definition
harvesting the ability of China's workers, Mao aimed to increase agriculture by 180%
Term
100 Flowers Movement (1956)
Definition
Mao encouraged the Chinese people to express their opinions and speak out against the Communist regime
- this would lead to the Anti-Rightest Campaign
Term
Anti-Rightest Campaign (1957)
Definition
anyone who spoke out against the communist party was seen as a counter-revolutionary. They were then purged from society. This included anyone who was in favour of capitalism and were against collectivization
Term
The Great Leap Forward (1958-1962)
Definition
in an attempt to rapidly transform China from an agrarian, to a communist society, Mao enforced the collectivization of agriculture and industrialization.
Term
The Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Definition
in an attempt to re-enforce his power, and eliminate those who opposed him, Mao alleged that the bourgeois were aiming to restore capitalism. He insisted that these "revisionists" be eliminated from society through a class struggle
- the youth responded and it resulted in a mass purge of senior officials
- it ended in 1976 with the death of Mao
Term
Four Modernizations (propsed by Deng Xiao-Ping)
Definition
1. Agriculture
2. Industry
3 National Defence
4. Science and Technology
Term
New Culture Movement (1913)
Definition
the call for the re-creation of Chinese culture based on global and western standards, especially democracy and science
Term
Democracy Wall (1978)
Definition
a long brick wall in Beijing where supporters of economic and political reform would record news and ideas in the form of big character posters
Term
Tianamen Square (June 4th, 1989)
Definition
student-led protests against China's political leadership. On June 4th, military troops assaulted protestors with rifles and tanks.
Term
Charter 08 (2008)
Definition
a manifesto signed by over 350 Chinese intellectuals and human rights activists that called for changes including an independent legal system, freedom of association, and the elimination of one-party rule.
Term
Reasons for China's Resistance to Democracy
Definition
1. Stability and Economic Growth
2. Benevolent Dictator
3. Nationalism
4. Adaptive Authoritarianism
5. Choosing Democracy
Term
Fisher Exact Test:
Definition
a way to measure the possibility of getting something entirely right
Term
Requirements for Experiments:
Definition
1. Treatment of Control
2. Randomization
3. Measurement
Term
Field Experiments:
Definition
occur in the real world, where subjects often don't know that they're part of an experiment.
- it observes them in their natural environment
Term
Natural Experiments
Definition
the randomization process happens because of natural causes
Term
Survey Experiments
Definition
experiments are embedded in surveys
Term
Laboratory Experiments
Definition
subjects are invited into labs to be a part of an experiment
Term
Democratic Peace Theory:
Definition
democracies don't go to war with one another.

This is because;
- they tend to share ideologies,
- are generally allies
- are too slow to mobilize.
Term
International Relations Theory
Definition
how and why states behave in the ways in which they do
Term
What we know about China's rise:
Definition
1. China's economic Rise
2. China is growing it's Hard Power
3. China is growing it's Soft Power
4. America's decline
Term
China's Economic Rise
Definition
- they have been modernizing agriculture, defence, science, and technology
- this has caused their economy to rise by 10% every year
Term
China's Hard Power
Definition
- they have been strengthening their military power
- they are the 2nd largest military and the
Term
Beijing Consensus
Definition
an alternative economic development model to the Washington Consensus of market-friendly policies
Term
Soft Power
Definition
influence over other countries without the use of military power
Term
Hard Power
Definition
influence over other countries using military force
Term
Three Core Principles of the International System:
Definition
1. Sovereignty
- states respect other state's borders
- crossing a border means crossing a line into different laws and orders

2. Power
- the ability to influence others

3. Anarchic International System
- anarchy is prevented through state sovereignty
Term
Hegemony
Definition
the expression of comprehensive power
Term
Hegemonic Stability Theory
Definition
countries that are hegemonic are overpowering, but they also provide stability and order. No one challenges there dominant power, and everyone strategically benefits
Term
Realist International Relations Theory
Definition
All states are working towards the same goal of survival, there internal structure is therefore irrelevant. Hegemonic power, although unequal, provides stability.
Term
Power Transition Theory:
Definition
war is most likely, and will be most severe, when a challenge to the dominant power enters into approximate parity with the dominant state, and is dissatisfied with the existing system.
Term
Strategic Engagement
Definition
in order to maintain peace, countries must remain friendly with China
Term
Containment
Definition
China must be contained as fast as possible, their rise to power is a threat
Term
Complex Interdependence
Definition
countries are dependent on one another with regards to economic markets and investments. This could prevent them from war with one another, because it would be economically devastating
Term
Neoliberal Institutionalism
Definition
Looking at the internal structure of a state can help us to understand how it will act on the world stage. Global cooperation, even under anarchy, is still possible. Lacking a world government, we must establish international rules and organizations that foster cooperation
Term
State Violence:
Definition
a monopoly of legitimate use of violence within a given territory
Term
Civil War
Definition
a collapse of state sovereignty, with a chance to multiple sovereignties
Term
Law and Human Nature
Definition
law substitutes human nature to take justice into one's own hands. It fulfills human desire for justice, through institutional processes (ex. Jail, fines, punishment)
Term
Jean-Jaques Rousseau
Definition
Believed primitive society is peaceful, society has made us corrupt and violence
- the modern state is put into place by elites who do so to sustain inequality
Term
Thomas Hobbes
Definition
Believed that the state of nature is a war of all against all. Life is nasty, brutish, and short.
- states restrain this natural instinct of violence
- the anarchic world is a representation of the uncivilized natural state
Term
Pacifying Effect
Definition
the state takes away individual power for the person to give punishment to those who hurt them
Term
Civilizing Process
Definition
society develops to know what it means to be civilized and violence is not the solution to problems
Term
Steven Pinker
Definition
- supports Hobbes' theory
- there are two main civilizing functions of society
1. The Leviathan Itself - it sets our rules and laws for society, and enforces them. This creates safety, and harms those who try to hurt you.
2. Commerce - we need economic co-operation and trade with one another in order to survive
Term
Politics (according to Aristotle)
Definition
"of, or relating to, the polis"
- there should not be a distinction between private and public life
Term
Alexander the Great (with regards to city states)
Definition
eliminated the city state through the creation of empires. This switched political power from localized in city states, to governing an entire empire under one set of rules
Term
Cosmopolis
Definition
the early empires that replaced city states. They were strong economically, politically, and in their military power
Term
Creatures of Provinces (Issues with Municipal Politics)
Definition
the issues of municipal politics are not seen as important as national and provincial issues.

municipal politics are also seen as having no true independence without the regimes above them.
Term
Voter Turn-Out (Issues with Municipal Politics)
Definition
due to the belief that these issues are less important, voter turn out in municipal politics is lower than provincial/federal elections
Term
Name Recognition (Issues with Municipal Politics)
Definition
municipal politics can become a popularity contest. You have to be socially present and prominent in your community.
Term
Redistribution (Issues with Municipal Politics)
Definition
the urban and rural divide in politics is crucial. The areas have different populations, and therefore winning a city could provide more votes than a larger (geographically) rural area
Term
Difference in Rural vs. Urban Priorities (Issues with Municipal Politics)
Definition
taxation in an urban environment isn't seen as theft. They are more likely to see the need for government intervention around them. (ex. subway repairs, pot holes, solving poverty)
Term
Superstructure (Marx)
Definition
the parts of society that are not concerened with the forces and relations of production.
- this includes art, law, morality, religion, and the political structure of society
Term
Polyarchy
Definition
an institutional form by which we can extend equality of opportunity. Is it composed of two key concepts;

1. Public Contestation - every citizen is allowed, and encouraged, to voice their opinion and view regarding the government

2. Inclusive Participation - every citizen in society has the right, and ability, to participate equally in the process of the government
Term
Collective Action Problem
Definition
the benefit of voting, is not worth the cost of actually voting. Your individual vote has such a little impact, it's not rational to vote
Term
"Free Rider" Problem
Definition
people who consistently do not vote, but benefit from the actions of those who do
Term
Democratic Pluralism
Definition
assumes that there is political equality. it is easier for the upper class to express their opinions, and therefore sway politics
Term
Tyranny of Majority
Definition
systems of democracy in which decisions are made that best suit the needs of the majority Decisions of government are influenced by the majority of race, religion, class, that is in the government
Term
Elite Democracy
Definition
democracy is not accessible to everyone, because we have a specific image in our head of who we want a politician to be
Term
Limited Government
Definition
the power of government to intervene in the exercise of civil liberties is restricted by laws
- the government is internally limited by a system of checks and balances, as well as the constitution itself
Term
Parliamentary Supremacy
Definition
the legislative body has absolute sovereignty and is supreme over all government institutions (including executive or judicial bodies)
Term
Responsible Government
Definition
a system to government that embodies the principle of parliamentary accountability. Governments are responsible to the parliament, not a specific leader
Term
Judicial Review
Definition
the doctrine under which legislative and executive actions are subject to review (and possible invalidation) by the judiciary
Term
3 Factors leading to the rise of Hitler to Power
Definition
1. Late State Unification
2. "Catching Up" on Modernization
3. World War I
Term
3 Factors leading to Stalin's Great Terror
Definition
1. Industrialization and Collectivization
2. Terror and Secret Police
3. Famine
Term
According to Turner, what is utopia for fascists?
Definition
an anti-modern idea. An escape from the modern world by going backwards in time.
- it is a focus on harmony, community, and simplicity
Term
According to Janos, what was the Soviet "game plan" for global domination?
Definition
To utilize nuclear war and the principle of mutually assured destruction. They aimed to support wars of national liberation and other forms of anti-imperialist struggle in the third world (proxy wars)
Term
Unit of Analysis
Definition
the major entity that is being analyzed in a study
ex. social groups, classes, ethnicities, social organizations, age sets
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